I started a thread at the end of last year called "Settling the Virus Debate". Some reading this may be familiar with it. If not and you're interested, it's here:
https://www.justplainpolitics.com/showthread.php?197952-Settling-the-Biological-Virus-Debate
It petered out a few months ago. It may be that this subject is just one that no one else here wants to discuss anymore, but I thought that perhaps if I started a thread on the origins of the concept of a virus, which some may note rings eerily similar to the parable of the Emperor's New Clothes, this might get some interested in discussing it a bit more. So with that in mind, an excerpt from a recent post from a blogger who posts on the subject of viruses quite a bit...
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When you can't find a culprit to blame, create one out of thin air.
Mike Stone
August 18, 2023
“You go through narrow-pored clay filters, which hold back all bacteria, easily pass through and you have they are not yet visible with the best microscopes, including the ultramicroscope can do. We must infer their existence because they represent various human, animal and plant diseases. It's a very special strange fact that we are dealing with these microorganisms that are completely invisible to us can operate in exactly the same way as with pure cultures of bacteria.”
-Robert Koch
https://tinyurl.com/yth9wx87
The above quote was taken from one of German bacteriologist Robert Koch's final speeches, the inaugural address at the Academy of Sciences on July 1, 1909. He passed away almost a year later on May 27th, 1910. At the time, Koch acknowledged his belief that there were entities that were invisible even under the best microscopes. As they were invisible and represented certain diseases, their existence had to be inferred from evidence that was similar to that seen in the studies on bacteria. In other words, if a bacterium was sought after and failed to be identified as the causative agent of a disease, it was acceptable to blame an unseen culprit. The diseases that could not be linked to bacteria and required the invisible scapegoat to keep the germ theory alive included measles, scarlet fever, smallpox, rabies, influenza, yellow fever and cattle plague. According to Field's Virology textbook, the concept of the invisible “virus” was born once the researchers realized that they were unable to satisfy Koch's Postulates, the criteria considered absolutely necessary to fulfill in order to prove that microbes cause disease:
Researchers began to claim that, if they used filters that were small enough to keep known bacteria out, and the resulting fluids after filtration resulted in symptoms of disease in animals, this was evidence that something smaller than a bacteria existed within the fluids that caused the disease. This gave rise to the term “filterable viruses.” The Field's Virology textbook goes on to explain that, once this idea of “filterable viruses” was accepted, a procedure was created in order to find them. This is the technique known as the cell culture that was established by John Franklin Enders in 1954, nearly 60 years after the idea of the “filterable virus” was conjured up. Virologists had to rely on factors such as the size of the pore of the filters, whether there was a reaction to chemical agents (alchohol and ether), and whether or not they observed cytopathogenic effects (CPE) in the cell culture as indirect evidence (i.e. evidence that does not prove a fact but can be used to infer that the fact exists) in order to claim that the invisible entities were within the fluids. As virologists could not see the entities that they assumed to be present, they had to rely on faith that they were there: [snip]
**
Source:
The "Virus" Concept | Viroliegy Newsletter
The article goes on, but I think this introduction lays firm groundwork that virology started more as a pseudoscientific article of faith, rather than science. Now to see if we can get a bit of constructive discussion going...
https://www.justplainpolitics.com/showthread.php?197952-Settling-the-Biological-Virus-Debate
It petered out a few months ago. It may be that this subject is just one that no one else here wants to discuss anymore, but I thought that perhaps if I started a thread on the origins of the concept of a virus, which some may note rings eerily similar to the parable of the Emperor's New Clothes, this might get some interested in discussing it a bit more. So with that in mind, an excerpt from a recent post from a blogger who posts on the subject of viruses quite a bit...
**
When you can't find a culprit to blame, create one out of thin air.
Mike Stone
August 18, 2023
“You go through narrow-pored clay filters, which hold back all bacteria, easily pass through and you have they are not yet visible with the best microscopes, including the ultramicroscope can do. We must infer their existence because they represent various human, animal and plant diseases. It's a very special strange fact that we are dealing with these microorganisms that are completely invisible to us can operate in exactly the same way as with pure cultures of bacteria.”
-Robert Koch
https://tinyurl.com/yth9wx87
The above quote was taken from one of German bacteriologist Robert Koch's final speeches, the inaugural address at the Academy of Sciences on July 1, 1909. He passed away almost a year later on May 27th, 1910. At the time, Koch acknowledged his belief that there were entities that were invisible even under the best microscopes. As they were invisible and represented certain diseases, their existence had to be inferred from evidence that was similar to that seen in the studies on bacteria. In other words, if a bacterium was sought after and failed to be identified as the causative agent of a disease, it was acceptable to blame an unseen culprit. The diseases that could not be linked to bacteria and required the invisible scapegoat to keep the germ theory alive included measles, scarlet fever, smallpox, rabies, influenza, yellow fever and cattle plague. According to Field's Virology textbook, the concept of the invisible “virus” was born once the researchers realized that they were unable to satisfy Koch's Postulates, the criteria considered absolutely necessary to fulfill in order to prove that microbes cause disease:
“These studies formalized some of Jacob Henle's original ideas in what are now termed Koch's postulates for defining whether an organism was indeed the causative agent of a disease. These postulates state that (a) the organism must be regularly found in the lesions of the disease, (b) the organism must be isolated in pure culture, (c) inoculation of such a pure culture of organisms into a host should initiate the disease, and (d) the organism must be recovered once again from the lesions of the host. By the end of the 19th century, these concepts became the dominant paradigm of medical microbiology. They outlined an experimental method to be used in all situations. It was only when these rules broke down and failed to yield a causative agent that the concept of a virus was born.”
Researchers began to claim that, if they used filters that were small enough to keep known bacteria out, and the resulting fluids after filtration resulted in symptoms of disease in animals, this was evidence that something smaller than a bacteria existed within the fluids that caused the disease. This gave rise to the term “filterable viruses.” The Field's Virology textbook goes on to explain that, once this idea of “filterable viruses” was accepted, a procedure was created in order to find them. This is the technique known as the cell culture that was established by John Franklin Enders in 1954, nearly 60 years after the idea of the “filterable virus” was conjured up. Virologists had to rely on factors such as the size of the pore of the filters, whether there was a reaction to chemical agents (alchohol and ether), and whether or not they observed cytopathogenic effects (CPE) in the cell culture as indirect evidence (i.e. evidence that does not prove a fact but can be used to infer that the fact exists) in order to claim that the invisible entities were within the fluids. As virologists could not see the entities that they assumed to be present, they had to rely on faith that they were there: [snip]
**
Source:
The "Virus" Concept | Viroliegy Newsletter
The article goes on, but I think this introduction lays firm groundwork that virology started more as a pseudoscientific article of faith, rather than science. Now to see if we can get a bit of constructive discussion going...