While the use of coca leaves as an intoxicant dates back three thousand years, crack cocaine, a crystallized form of cocaine, was developed during the cocaine boom of the 1970s and its use spread in the mid-1980s.
By the late 1970s there was a huge glut of cocaine powder being shipped into the United States.
This caused the price of the drug to drop by as much as 80%.
Faced with dropping prices for their illegal product, drug dealers converted the powder to “crack,” a solid form of cocaine that could be smoked.
https://www.drugfreeworld.org/drugfacts/crackcocaine/a-short-history.html