PROPOSED 28TH AMENDMENT TO THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION BALANCED BUDGET AMENDMENT
Section 1. Total outlays cap.
Total outlays of the United States for any fiscal year shall not exceed total receipts for that fiscal year.
Section 2. 18% GDP hard ceiling.
Total receipts shall not exceed 18% of the gross domestic product of the prior fiscal year, as calculated by the Bureau of Economic Analysis. Congress may raise this ceiling only by a three-fourths vote of the full membership of both Houses and ratification by three-fourths of the States within seven years.
Section 3. Supermajority to borrow.
Any bill authorizing net new federal debt requires a three-fifths vote of the full membership of both Houses. No debt may be issued to fund current operating expenses.
Section 4. War & verified emergency override.
Section 1 may be waived only by a declaration of war or a specific, imminent, and verifiable national emergency certified jointly by the President and two-thirds of both Houses. The waiver expires automatically after one fiscal year unless renewed by the same vote. Total waiver spending is capped at 5% of prior-year GDP.
Section 5. No off-books tricks.
All federal entities, trusts, guarantees, and contingent liabilities are included in receipts and outlays. Social Security, Medicare, and federal pensions are on-budget; no more trust-fund accounting games.Section 6. Automatic sequester trigger.
If projected outlays exceed the cap at the start of any fiscal year, the President shall impound funds proportionally across all accounts (including entitlements) to comply. Congress may override specific impoundments only by a two-thirds vote of both Houses within 30 days.
Section 7. Tax hikes need supermajority.
Any bill increasing revenue requires a three-fifths vote of the full membership of both Houses.
Section 8. Enforcement & standing.
Any taxpayer has standing to sue for enforcement. Courts shall expedite; no Chevron deference to agency budget tricks.Section
9. Ratification deadline.
This article must be ratified within five years of congressional proposal or it expires.