One Nation, Under Stress: A New Documentary By Dr. Sanjay Gupta Questions Our Society

PoliTalker

Diversity Makes Greatness
I watched this show on HBO:

One Nation, Under Stress. HBO Documentary Trailer


Good show.

Makes a lot of sense. So much wealth has been extracted from so many people the middle class is eroding. And people are under a lot of stress. Different people cope with stress in different ways. Some of them are self destructive.

PoliTalker anti-troll thread thief disclaimer: If this thread is stolen, plagiarized, will the thief have the nerve to use the entire OP, word for word? Including this disclaimer? If you want my take on it, you'll have to post to this original PoliTalker thread. I refuse to be an enabler for online bullies, so I won't post to a stolen thread. I won't even read it. If you don't see me, PoliTalker, posting in this thread check the author. This might be a hijacked thread, not the original.

Capitalism causes a lack of good jobs. The goal of capitalism is to increase profits. If that means downsizing jobs, eliminating workers, that's what capitalists will do. It was never meant to provide a good life for everybody.

Drug deaths, drinking deaths and suicide are called deaths of despair.

Deaths of despair are rising in our country. For the last three years, life expectancy in the USA has actually been declining. We may have a 'fabulous economy,' but it's not fabulous for everybody. There's a lot of people out there who still feel like they don't matter, like they have been forgotten.

And the deaths of despair are rising the most among middle age whites. Those very same people who feel like they were promised the world, but never got it. Instead, downward mobility looms as capitalists increase productivity by eliminating workers.

We now have a big portion of our middle class that does not expect to do as well as their parents did.

We are a nation under stress, and the stress is literally killing us.
 
Anybody else watch this film?

If you haven't, I would recommend it.

It's a bit disturbing, but if you can take it, very enlightening.

Stress is there.

Stress never sleeps.

Stress is taking a tragic toll on America.

And stress is being used as a tool. It is a weapon in the Class War.
 
America is becoming vastly and rapidly a dystopian Orwellian nightmare come true!

It is because our political differences have become a blood sport for many people hell bent to destroy our true democracy and the American experiment in Freedom and the pursuit of happiness and equality for all.

While dog fighting will always appeal to some very cruel and sadistic malevolent people, it will still always be considered as cruel and sadistic by a vocal and voting majority.

I would like to just leave it there without further comment, and make that my personal message to this forum for the day!

Let's not fight like dogs!

I would much rather see this forum as a place to share our ideas, and offer logical solutions to real problems, and focus on the well-being for all, the importance of our democracy, our freedoms, and using our efforts here to win the influence or others by being good stewards of fairness and lead others by setting good examples.

Otherwise, we are just here for the sheer entertainment of a blood sport!
 
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Hello Adolf_Twitler,

America is becoming vastly and rapidly a dystopian Orwellian nightmare come true!

It is because our political differences have become a blood sport for many people hell bent to destroy our true democracy and the American experiment in Freedom and the pursuit of happiness and equality for all.

While dog fighting will always appeal to some very cruel and sadistic malevolent people, it will still always be considered as cruel and sadistic by a vocal and voting majority.

I would like to just leave it there without further comment, and make that my personal message to this forum for the day!

Let's not fight like dogs!

I would much rather see this forum as a place to share our ideas, and offer logical solutions to real problems, and focus on the well-being for all, the importance of our democracy, our freedoms, and using our efforts here to win the influence or others by being good stewards of fairness and lead others by setting good examples.

Otherwise, we are just here for the sheer entertainment of a blood sport!

Well put.

Although I don't think we should realistically expect that our views will sway those of others. I wrangled with that one for a long time after I began chatting politics. It's natural to try to 'win the argument.' Everybody wants to get others to see what they see. But the reality is that nobody is likely to be convinced to change their mind by somebody else on a chat board.

So why are we here? Why keep arguing if we can never win the argument?

Well, the socialization is obvious. Everybody needs some kind of interaction. We all need attention. Trolls don't care what form that comes in. Flame wars are fine with them.

But is that it?

Well, no.

There's more. We can't expect to change minds, and we don't come here just for the flame wars and attention (exceptions noted for the poorly adjusted,) so why chat politics?

I thought about it over a long time. Here's my theory. This is why I come.

I come for the knowledge. This place forces me to learn and become better informed. When I look at a thoughtful post, if I see something I question, I begin searching online. I try to learn more about it before making a reply. If I wasn't already knowledgeable about that subject, I bone up. That way I can make a thoughtful reply. And the subsequent conversation might also prompt me to look at further aspects.

I want to know that the things I am posting are verifiable. When I engage with someone of an opposing view, if I find some part of what they said which is not supported by fact, and they are unable to find any verifiable falsehood about what I am saying, then that reaffirms my own position. That causes me to believe more strongly in my own position.

I want those people of opposing views TRYING to show me where I am wrong. Sometime that happens. If it does, then I acknowledge it and adjust my position.

That way, I am as well informed as possible.

That's what I get out of this place.

I wish everybody had a similar approach, but I also recognize the value of diversity, so I understand why different people come here for different reasons.

It is this very process which led me to understand the beauty of diversity in politics. Including the trolls. Without the bad, how we we appreciate the good?
 
From HBO's website:

practices like exercise and meditation can help manage stress and repair brain nerves, as can fostering strong social networks and relationships. A decades-long study of Italian-Americans in Roseto, Pennsylvania found that their tight-knit community had the “magic ingredient” that helps mitigate stress: strong social support and social cohesion. As a result, they experienced an uncommonly low rate of heart attacks, which is also seen among Hispanics, who tend to be more social than other groups.

From 1985 until 1991 I barely eked out a living being self employed, juggling bills, so I can relate to chronic stress. Looking back I don't know how I got thru it.
Leaving a shithole city for the New Mexico Rockies was the first positive step of many for me.
There is a way out but making bad decisions early in life puts one behind the eight ball making it more difficult and taking longer to right the ship.
 
Hello anonymoose,

Is it possible to get it without HBO?

I did a search for it but was unable to find it. I had hoped to post a link to the whole film, but couldn't find one.

btw, the whole thing about capitalism causing this - is my own view. The film didn't actually come right out and say that. But after watching, I couldn't draw any other conclusion. The film did talk about how the middle class is being decimated.

I do understand that, as the middle class is being diminished, it's not totally as if that's all downward mobility. Many leave middle class by becoming rich. The problem is for every person who does that, several experience downward mobility and lose middle class status, becoming poor.

The financial insecurity in the USA is vast. Most people worry about their future. Very few feel secure. This amounts to a lot of stress. Stress kills.

Stress also causes disease. It's amazing. Gupta showed how stress actually causes physiological changes in the body, and how these changes reduce resistance to disease.

When I see people having flame wars I see stress. I don't see cool calm collected low stress people. I see people hooked on having nasty arguments. For what? These are people who are wound up so tight they are just itching for a chance to unload all their pent up stress and frustration on somebody else. And we see them burn out. How many times have you known a poster for years and then one day they just up and say bye bye? They frequently cite the nastiness. They don't want it any more. What I see? It's stress. They don't want the stress. They are blaming the chat board for stress and they are trying to reduce stress any way they can.

I think we would all be wise to take measures to reduce and limit stress in our lives. I have done so. That's why I come across the way I do. I have intentionally carved out a low-stress niche for myself on purpose, by design. I created my own rules for limiting stress and I follow them. I don't have to go off on people here like a pressure relief valve. And I can happily report that my approach works. You know that. You've done much the same in your own way, either consciously or by nature. You don't get into the scraps. You get it. It doesn't matter whether we are conservative or liberal, everybody faces and deals with stress in their own way.

The way I see it, you either manage stress or it will eat you up. And it doesn't look like we as a nation are doing a very good job of that. Mass shootings, suicides, drug abuse, alcohol abuse, road rage, hate, xenophobia, racism.

One of the most striking things I learned from the film was our declining life expectancy rate. It hit a turning point. You would think that it would just keep rising as technology advances and improves our lifestyle. Not so. Life expectancy in the USA has actually dropped for three years in a row. President Trump may have presided over an expanding economy, but at what price? Is wealth really a true measure of a good life? The USA is very wealthy but are we really living good lives as a whole? Some are. But how much stress are they taking on to succeed monetarily? It certainly doesn't seem to be working very well for President Trump. He looks like a walking heart attack. And he's not very happy. I don't get that he has much quality family time. How can he even have any real friends? He doesn't have any peers. Everybody serves him. He uses people. Even his wives. Strikes me as pretty lonely and unhappy. Very high stress.

I think the pressure to acquire sufficient wealth to be able to enjoy life is producing alarming stress in the USA. Improperly regulated capitalism is producing crippling stress. Freedom is a lot of things. One of them is being completely on your own to make it in this world. Or die trying. And that's a lot of stress. Seems like the latter is the most common.

I bet we could use a lot more financial security in this country. I don't think everybody loves the rat race. And they don't have time to think about possibilities for changing that metric. So they just accept it. That's what conservatives do. Pardon me for thinking outside that box.
 
Hello anonymoose,



I did a search for it but was unable to find it. I had hoped to post a link to the whole film, but couldn't find one.

btw, the whole thing about capitalism causing this - is my own view. The film didn't actually come right out and say that. But after watching, I couldn't draw any other conclusion. The film did talk about how the middle class is being decimated.

I do understand that, as the middle class is being diminished, it's not totally as if that's all downward mobility. Many leave middle class by becoming rich. The problem is for every person who does that, several experience downward mobility and lose middle class status, becoming poor.

The financial insecurity in the USA is vast. Most people worry about their future. Very few feel secure. This amounts to a lot of stress. Stress kills.

Stress also causes disease. It's amazing. Gupta showed how stress actually causes physiological changes in the body, and how these changes reduce resistance to disease.

When I see people having flame wars I see stress. I don't see cool calm collected low stress people. I see people hooked on having nasty arguments. For what? These are people who are wound up so tight they are just itching for a chance to unload all their pent up stress and frustration on somebody else. And we see them burn out. How many times have you known a poster for years and then one day they just up and say bye bye? They frequently cite the nastiness. They don't want it any more. What I see? It's stress. They don't want the stress. They are blaming the chat board for stress and they are trying to reduce stress any way they can.

I think we would all be wise to take measures to reduce and limit stress in our lives. I have done so. That's why I come across the way I do. I have intentionally carved out a low-stress niche for myself on purpose, by design. I created my own rules for limiting stress and I follow them. I don't have to go off on people here like a pressure relief valve. And I can happily report that my approach works. You know that. You've done much the same in your own way, either consciously or by nature. You don't get into the scraps. You get it. It doesn't matter whether we are conservative or liberal, everybody faces and deals with stress in their own way.

The way I see it, you either manage stress or it will eat you up. And it doesn't look like we as a nation are doing a very good job of that. Mass shootings, suicides, drug abuse, alcohol abuse, road rage, hate, xenophobia, racism.

One of the most striking things I learned from the film was our declining life expectancy rate. It hit a turning point. You would think that it would just keep rising as technology advances and improves our lifestyle. Not so. Life expectancy in the USA has actually dropped for three years in a row. President Trump may have presided over an expanding economy, but at what price? Is wealth really a true measure of a good life? The USA is very wealthy but are we really living good lives as a whole? Some are. But how much stress are they taking on to succeed monetarily? It certainly doesn't seem to be working very well for President Trump. He looks like a walking heart attack. And he's not very happy. I don't get that he has much quality family time. How can he even have any real friends? He doesn't have any peers. Everybody serves him. He uses people. Even his wives. Strikes me as pretty lonely and unhappy. Very high stress.

I think the pressure to acquire sufficient wealth to be able to enjoy life is producing alarming stress in the USA. Improperly regulated capitalism is producing crippling stress. Freedom is a lot of things. One of them is being completely on your own to make it in this world. Or die trying. And that's a lot of stress. Seems like the latter is the most common.

I bet we could use a lot more financial security in this country. I don't think everybody loves the rat race. And they don't have time to think about possibilities for changing that metric. So they just accept it. That's what conservatives do. Pardon me for thinking outside that box.

With Trumps destruction of environmental regulation, the people will be dying younger. His ending Obamacare will kill some more.But with Trump, Poor people have no reason to live.
 
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Anybody else watch this film?

If you haven't, I would recommend it.

It's a bit disturbing, but if you can take it, very enlightening.

Stress is there.

Stress never sleeps.

Stress is taking a tragic toll on America.

And stress is being used as a tool. It is a weapon in the Class War.

I haven’t seen it, but meant to.

I do know this. Suicide levels in rural, white America are very high. Poor income. No escape. Lack of mobility. Poor access to health care, especially mental health. Etc.

Tragic
 
Hello domer76,

I haven’t seen it, but meant to.

I do know this. Suicide levels in rural, white America are very high. Poor income. No escape. Lack of mobility. Poor access to health care, especially mental health. Etc.

Tragic

Part of the problem, as Dr Gupta explains, is that when people establish certain neural pathways, and use them frequently, those pathways become stronger and better connected. When they do not use other pathways very much, then those pathways actually become physically diminished, and in some cases are completely broken. People actually do lose the ability to even think in certain terms, such as feeling and compassion for others or themselves. And they can lose the thought patterns that say: "There must be a way to solve this. I have to find it."

Stress causes these physiological changes. Stress, such as being constantly worried about financial security. It's OK to have concern over something and think about it from time to time, figure out how best to deal with it. That's normal. It's different when people obsess over it, cant find a solution, relate all bad in their lives to it, feel trapped, being constantly reminded of their predicament, and don't get to relax or forget about it enough. The feel hopeless and out of control. This is a gateway to depression.

It's understandable that somebody like Trump comes along and gives them hope that the system they blame for their problems is going to be turned upside down. They feel drawn down by 'the swamp' and they see Trump as their savior.
 
People need security. Trump and the wealthy are taking it away. The wealth gap is worse than the Gilded Age. The wealthy are piling up the money and power. Workers are not getting raises that will keep up with inflation. Their healthcare is so bad that they are an accident or an illness from bankruptcy and disaster. College is so expensive that you have to take out an educational mortgage. It is easy to see what that does to demand in the overall economy.
Prices are going up for everything, Food, cable, phones and everything else is going up ridiculously.
The people feel powerless. They do not control their destinies.
People are living lives of quiet desperation and blame somebody below them on the economic and social ladder. It is the immigrants. It is blacks. They have always pointed in the wrong direction. It is the wealthy who are confiscating the wealth and power. Productivity has soared the last couple decades and it did not result in higher wages. Just more insecurities.
 
It's a good trick to get the disadvantaged to blame those with the least control over their situation, the poor, instead of the decision-makers who have the power, the rich.

Conservatives like to say anybody can make it in this world.

What they don't tell you is that the rich actively use their power to prevent others from becoming rich. Wealth extraction is how capitalism works. It is a system designed to extract the wealth of those further down the food chain, and give it to those at the top. In capitalism the USA way, wealth trickles UP. The ones at the bottom have to do far more than simply work hard and hope one day it will pay off. Hard work does not typically result in wealth. Born privileged is the most common pathway to wealth. Born disadvantaged mostly results in poverty. People who work hard but still struggle to keep up with expenses can never save, never hope to own property, the primary wealth-builder for the middle class.

People in this paycheck-to-paycheck existence without secure incomes usually have no savings, no cushion, no security. Their lives are very insecure. They are one unexpected event away from being homeless. That is very stressful, and it causes more medical problems.

It is no wonder our capitalism-on-steroids extreme wealth inequality produces this.

And the really appalling thing is rich conservatives blame the poor for their own condition. "Oh, they just made poor decisions in life." "It's their own fault for not trying harder."

At what point in a young person's life who is being raised by inept parents who do not know how to succeed themselves, should that young person decide this upbringing will not result in the desired outcome, so he should run away and try to make it on his own? 7 years old? 10? 12? 14? Should he do this if his parents are needy and have come to depend on him for some of their income? What if they need and he provides care for them? Should he run away then? Forget about them? Selfishly work his way through school?

At what point did this person make a bad decision?
 
It's a good trick to get the disadvantaged to blame those with the least control over their situation, the poor, instead of the decision-makers who have the power, the rich.

Conservatives like to say anybody can make it in this world.

What they don't tell you is that the rich actively use their power to prevent others from becoming rich. Wealth extraction is how capitalism works. It is a system designed to extract the wealth of those further down the food chain, and give it to those at the top. In capitalism the USA way, wealth trickles UP. The ones at the bottom have to do far more than simply work hard and hope one day it will pay off. Hard work does not typically result in wealth. Born privileged is the most common pathway to wealth. Born disadvantaged mostly results in poverty. People who work hard but still struggle to keep up with expenses can never save, never hope to own property, the primary wealth-builder for the middle class.

People in this paycheck-to-paycheck existence without secure incomes usually have no savings, no cushion, no security. Their lives are very insecure. They are one unexpected event away from being homeless. That is very stressful, and it causes more medical problems.

It is no wonder our capitalism-on-steroids extreme wealth inequality produces this.

And the really appalling thing is rich conservatives blame the poor for their own condition. "Oh, they just made poor decisions in life." "It's their own fault for not trying harder."

At what point in a young person's life who is being raised by inept parents who do not know how to succeed themselves, should that young person decide this upbringing will not result in the desired outcome, so he should run away and try to make it on his own? 7 years old? 10? 12? 14? Should he do this if his parents are needy and have come to depend on him for some of their income? What if they need and he provides care for them? Should he run away then? Forget about them? Selfishly work his way through school?

At what point did this person make a bad decision?
Here is an example of what the reds will do.
https://www.dailykos.com/ Food safety, not a problem for the rich.
 
Hello Nordberg,

Here is an example of what the reds will do.
https://www.dailykos.com/ Food safety, not a problem for the rich.

Ewww. Processing meat is a nasty job. Those people work their butts off for low pay. They're not trained to correctly spot problems. It is very troublesome that Trump has decided to forego meat inspections in order to cut spending to try to make up for loss of revenue due to the tax cut for the rich.
 
Capitalism causes a lack of good jobs. The goal of capitalism is to increase profits. If that means downsizing jobs, eliminating workers, that's what capitalists will do. It was never meant to provide a good life for everybody.

Drug deaths, drinking deaths and suicide are called deaths of despair.

You connect these social problems to economic system without any evidence.

Suicides: These are nations often labeled as "socialist" (or happy) whose suicide rate is higher than the U. S.: Belgium, Japan, France, Switzerland, Finland, Austria, Belarus, Sweden (one rank behind U. S.)

Alcohol Deaths: Belarus, Denmark, Finland, Germany, France, Norway, Austria, Cuba, Sweden, Belgium,

Drug Deaths: the U. S. leads in drug deaths. Following the U. S. in opioid use (in order) are: Canada, Germany, Denmark, Belgium, Austria, Switzerland, Australia, Holland, Spain, Luxembourg, Norway, Great Britain, Ireland, New Zealand, Sweden

It appears that there is little relationship between these three social problems an economic system. Social problems can seldom be blamed on any one factor. Some things, like the decline in the crime rate in the U. S., cannot really be explained.

https://www.worldlifeexpectancy.com/cause-of-death/alcohol/by-country/

http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/suicide-rate-by-country/

https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2017/6/28/15881246/drug-overdose-deaths-world
 
Hello Flash,

You connect these social problems to economic system without any evidence.

Suicides: These are nations often labeled as "socialist" (or happy) whose suicide rate is higher than the U. S.: Belgium, Japan, France, Switzerland, Finland, Austria, Belarus, Sweden (one rank behind U. S.)

Alcohol Deaths: Belarus, Denmark, Finland, Germany, France, Norway, Austria, Cuba, Sweden, Belgium,

Drug Deaths: the U. S. leads in drug deaths. Following the U. S. in opioid use (in order) are: Canada, Germany, Denmark, Belgium, Austria, Switzerland, Australia, Holland, Spain, Luxembourg, Norway, Great Britain, Ireland, New Zealand, Sweden

It appears that there is little relationship between these three social problems an economic system. Social problems can seldom be blamed on any one factor. Some things, like the decline in the crime rate in the U. S., cannot really be explained.

https://www.worldlifeexpectancy.com/cause-of-death/alcohol/by-country/

http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/suicide-rate-by-country/

https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2017/6/28/15881246/drug-overdose-deaths-world

The decline in crime rates all over the world has been linked to the phase-out of leaded gasoline.

As far as linking the declining life expectancy to financial insecurity, it is the best explanation which can be arrived at. The highest rate of deaths of despair is among white men age 25-55. These are men who were raised hearing stories of how men were able to dominate as kings of their own castles. But their real-life experiences were different. Lay-offs and job downsizing meant they would not be what their fathers and grandfathers were. It's depressing. It only makes sense that some of them would lose hope.
 
Hello Flash,

As far as linking the declining life expectancy to financial insecurity, it is the best explanation which can be arrived at. The highest rate of deaths of despair is among white men age 25-55. These are men who were raised hearing stories of how men were able to dominate as kings of their own castles. But their real-life experiences were different. Lay-offs and job downsizing meant they would not be what their fathers and grandfathers were. It's depressing. It only makes sense that some of them would lose hope.

If there is a link between life expectancy and financial insecurity, that still does not link it to type of economic system since a majority (12/18) of high income countries experienced a decline in life expectancy. The U. S. and UK are the lowest of these nations but drug overdose deaths is high in Sweden and Denmark and increasing in Canada, Australia, and the UK. Influenza and pneumonia are also causes of decreased life expectancy. [British Medical Journal]
 
Hello Flash,

If there is a link between life expectancy and financial insecurity, that still does not link it to type of economic system since a majority (12/18) of high income countries experienced a decline in life expectancy. The U. S. and UK are the lowest of these nations but drug overdose deaths is high in Sweden and Denmark and increasing in Canada, Australia, and the UK. Influenza and pneumonia are also causes of decreased life expectancy. [British Medical Journal]

Part of the problem regarding the recent spike of drug deaths in the USA is linked directly to improperly regulated capitalism. It stems from the greed of our for-profit drug industry pushing pain killers like Halloween candy.
 
Hello Flash,



Part of the problem regarding the recent spike of drug deaths in the USA is linked directly to improperly regulated capitalism. It stems from the greed of our for-profit drug industry pushing pain killers like Halloween candy.

I don't think that relates to economic system. The U. S. has less regulation on marketing of pharmaceuticals but socialist nations have similar problems with opiates and most have less regulations of nicotine. Regulations can be more or less strict in either type of system. People selling cigarettes or pharmaceuticals are no more or less greedy in capitalist or socialist systems. People working for the government are no less greedy than those working for private business.
 
Hello Flash,

I don't think that relates to economic system. The U. S. has less regulation on marketing of pharmaceuticals but socialist nations have similar problems with opiates and most have less regulations of nicotine. Regulations can be more or less strict in either type of system. People selling cigarettes or pharmaceuticals are no more or less greedy in capitalist or socialist systems. People working for the government are no less greedy than those working for private business.

Greed hurts.

If violates the basic test which everyone should ask themselves prior to taking any action.

"If everyone were to do this, would it be a good thing?"

If the answer is no, then the action being considered should not be done.

It's just basic logic. Religions try to teach this, but generally fail because they ask people to believe in a supernatural creator/overseer being, which is kind of hard to really believe in. Oh, I know most people pretend to believe, but I think they have doubts they never dare voice. That's why so many people pretend to be religious, but don't really follow all the scripture 'religiously.'

But unlike religion, the logic is sound. And it is not very complicated.

It goes like this.

Humans have advanced a long way from cavemen with no tools to hunter-gatherers to computers and music videos.

We didn't make that advancement by taking things away from other humans. Somebody had to invent every advancement. Much of our advancements came as a result of people working together for the common good.

The only way for humans to continue advancement is for people to work together, not in opposition to one another.

Doing good things is just that.

Doing bad things goes against it.

That is why the simple question: ""If everyone were to do this, would it be a good thing?" should be the guiding principle for everyone.

Obviously, greed and selfishness do not satisfy the question.

Those things are wrong.

Improperly regulated capitalism is the epitome of those things, so that is also wrong.

Straight up socialism zaps the creative spirit, so that is also wrong.

That is why we simply need to enhance and tend to our system of mixed socialism and capitalism.

That is why we need to best possible free education system in the world, the smartest populace, and we need to make it totally in vogue to be very well informed and politically engaged.

Our system of self-government depends on the active participation of a well informed and well educated populace. That is when it will work best, and since we don't have that yet, it is why we currently have so many problems.

But we are a young nation. We've got dues to pay. Having Trump as President is a wake-up call. Let us hope the nation of good people is listening.

President Trump is right in a way. Our nation is full. Full of deplorables. We don't need any more deplorables. We need to stop churning them out. It is fine to let them have their say. That is a part of freedom of speech. It is like we are giving them enough rope to hang themselves, because what they say makes no sense and will not lead to an enduring nation or make America great. Hate is not great. Hate is wrong.

It violates the basic logical rule of life.
 
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