Tariffs and excise taxes funded the government for about a hundred years.
The government was smaller then.
Before the federal income tax became permanent in 1913 with the 16th Amendment, tariffs were the U.S. government’s primary revenue engine, alongside excise taxes. From the founding through the 19th century, they funded most federal operations—often 50-90% of the budget, depending on the era.
Let’s unpack how this worked.
Tariffs were customs duties slapped on imported goods—think cotton from Britain, sugar from the Caribbean, or manufactured goods from Europe.
Rates varied wildly over time. The Tariff of 1789 started modest at 5-15%, but by the 1820s and 1830s, rates spiked to 40-50% on some items to protect American industries like textiles and iron. Congress set these rates through legislation, often after heated debates pitting the industrial North (pro-tariff) against the slave-owning South (anti-tariff).
In 1860, tariffs brought in about $53 million—90% of federal income—when the budget was tiny (under $60 million).
Post-Civil War, with spending ballooning to pay debts, tariffs still covered 50-60% of revenue, peaking at $405 million by 1900.
Rates averaged 20-30% under acts like the McKinley Tariff (1890). The system leaned on trade volume: more imports, more cash. Ports like New York and Boston were goldmines, with customs houses collecting duties directly.
It wasn’t perfect. Revenue swung with economic conditions—booms meant more imports and cash; recessions like the Panic of 1873 tanked collections.
No income tax meant no direct way to tax wealth or wages, so the system favored merchants and consumers paying at the border over, say, land-rich farmers.
Excises on booze and tobacco filled gaps (10-20% of revenue), but tariffs were king. High rates also sparked smuggling—think rum runners—and trade wars, like when Britain retaliated in the 1830s.
Northern manufacturers loved protectionism; Southern exporters hated it, arguing it jacked up costs for goods they bought.
Nullification crises (1832) nearly broke the Union over this. Still, it kept the government lean—pre-1900 budgets rarely topped 2-3% of GDP, versus 20%+ today. No sprawling welfare state or military-industrial complex back then.
Could it work now? Pre-1913, it funded a minimalist government in a less globalized world.
Scaling that to 2025’s $6 trillion budget would mean tariffs orders of magnitude higher, disrupting a way more interconnected economy. Back then, it was simpler: tax the ships, fund the basics, argue over the rest.
@Grok