The world's oldest granaries found in Jordan

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Archaeologists in Israel have discovered ancient deposits of seeds which they believe includes the world's oldest domesticated fava seeds (known as ful in Hebrew).

A joint study by researchers of the Weizmann Institute and the Israel Antiquities Authority, which examined fava seeds exposed in archaeological excavations in recent years at Neolithic sites in the Galilee, sheds light on the nutritional habits of the people that lived in the area 10,000 years ago. Seeds found at the prehistoric sites show that the inhabitants’ diet at the time consisted mainly of fava beans, as well as lentils, various types of peas and chickpeas.


Israel Antiquities Authority

According to researchers of the Weizmann Institute and Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA), ancient man living in the Galilee specialized in cultivating legumes in general and fava beans (ful) in particular.

The discovery enables "a deeper understanding of the agricultural revolution in the southern Near East," according to the IAA.


Israel Antiquities Authority

The study was conducted by archaeobotanist Valentina Caracuta of the Weizmann Institute, together with Dr. Elisabetta Boaretto and Dr. Lior Regev, in cooperation with archaeologists Dr. Kobi Vardi, Dr. Yitzhak Paz, Dr. Hamoudi Khalaily, Dr. Ianir Milevski and Dr. Omri Barzilai of the Israel Antiquities Authority.

The multitude of fava seeds found at the Neolithic sites excavated in the Galilee during the past few years indicates the preference placed on growing fava beans, the researchers said.

Dating of the seeds, conducted at the Kimmel Center in the Weizmann Institute, indicated they were well over 9,000 years old. They were found husked in storage pits apparently used as Neolithic granaries.


Ancient tools were also unearthed Israel Antiquities Authority

The seeds' dimensions are a uniform size, indicating that they were methodically cultivated and harvested at the same period of time, when the legumes had ripened. According to the researchers, keeping the seeds in storage pits is also reflective of long-term agricultural planning, whereby the stored seeds were intended not only for food, but also to ensure future crops in the coming years.


Ancient figurine Israel Antiquities Authority

"The identification of the places where plant species that are today an integral part of our diet were first domesticated is of great significance to research," the researchers said in a joint statement. "Despite the importance of cereals in nutrition that continues to this day, it seems that in the region we examined (west of the Jordan River), it was the legumes, full of flavor and protein, which were actually the first species to be domesticated.


Israel Antiquities Authority

"A phenomenon known as the agricultural revolution took place throughout the region at this time: different species of animals and plants were domesticated across the Levant, and it is now clear that the area that is today the Galilee was the main producer of legumes in prehistoric times.

"This is a process that lasted thousands of years, during which certain characteristics of wild species changed, and domesticated plant species were created. To this day, most of the chickpeas grown in the country are cultivated in the Galilee region."


http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/203811
According to the archaeologists, among their finds were the world’s oldest domesticated fava seeds, dating to 10,125–10,200 according to advanced dating techniques.

 

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Food Storage Preceded Plant Domestication in the Jordan ...

Late Natufian people abandoned earlier settlements, adopted new systems seasonal residential movement, and rarely built residential structures that required significant investment of energy" (Kuijt & Finlayson,"Evidence for food storage and predomestication granaries 11,000 years ago in the Jordan Valley," Proceedings National Academy of ...

http://www.historyofinformation.com/detail.php?entryid=4247

excerpt:

"Designed with suspended floors for air circulation and protection from rodents, they are located between residential structures that contain plant-processing instillations. The granaries represent a critical evolutionary shift in the relationship between people and plant foods, which precedes the emergence of domestication and large-scale sedentary communities by at least 1,000 years....

"People in the PPNA were the first in the world to develop systematic large-scale food storage.

In the Early Natufian period (≈15,000/14,500–12,800 cal B.P.), people used a remarkably wide range of wild plants and animals, lived in relatively large well-made semisubterranean buildings for much of the year, and undoubtedly had a detailed knowledge of the seasonality and availability of these resources. Certainly the apparent increased degree of sedentism in the Early Natufian period suggests that people were able to reduce seasonal food risks to the point where they could live in the same areas for 1 or more seasons of the year.

There is, however, surprisingly little direct evidence for food storage. The strongest is from ′Ain Mallaha, where pits are often termed silos although their specific function is unclear.

There is indirect evidence in the Natufian for plant food processing, including the presence of sickles, mortars, and pestles. Although Natufian people probably engaged in some form of low-level food storage, they also situated their settlements where they were able to use high-yield food resources from multiple natural ecotones in different seasons. With the onset of the climatic downturn of the Younger Dryas, people in the Late Natufian period (≈12,800–11,500 cal B.P.) returned to more mobile economic and subsistence strategies.

Late Natufian people abandoned earlier settlements, adopted new systems seasonal residential movement, and rarely built residential structures that required significant investment of energy" (Kuijt & Finlayson,"Evidence for food storage and predomestication granaries 11,000 years ago in the Jordan ValleyOffsite Link,"