Greatest minds of the western philosophical tradition...

Cypress

Well-known member
....according to me....
limiting myself to the western intellectual tradition (sorry Confucius and Avicenna).

At this time, I choose to pay personal homage to Voltaire - a person who directly impacted, and represents a clear and distinct dividing line between an era of intolerance, and an age of toleration.

Antiquity
Plato
Aristotle

Middle Ages
Thomas Aquinas

Renaissance
Erasmus

Early Modern era
Isacc Newton
Francis Bacon
Renee Descartes

Enlightenment
Voltaire
John Locke
Jean-Jacque Rosseau

Romanticism
Goethe
Immanual Kant

Modern era
John Stuart Mill
Nietzsche
Einstein
 
The first person who, having enclosed a plot of land, took it into his head to say this is mine and found people simple enough to believe him was the true founder of civil society. What crimes, wars, murders, what miseries and horrors would the human race have been spared, had some one pulled up the stakes or filled in the ditch and cried out to his fellow men: "Do not listen to this imposter. You are lost if you forget that the fruits of the earth belong to all and the earth to no one!"

- Jean-Jacques Rousseau
 
Private capital tends to become concentrated in few hands, partly because of competition among the capitalists, and partly because technological development and the increasing division of labor encourage the formation of larger units of production at the expense of smaller ones. The result of these developments is an oligarchy of private capital the enormous power of which cannot be effectively checked even by a democratically organized political society. This is true since the members of legislative bodies are selected by political parties, largely financed or otherwise influenced by private capitalists who, for all practical purposes, separate the electorate from the legislature. The consequence is that the representatives of the people do not in fact sufficiently protect the interests of the underprivileged sections of the population. Moreover, under existing conditions, private capitalists inevitably control, directly or indirectly, the main sources of information (press, radio, education). It is thus extremely difficult, and indeed in most cases quite impossible, for the individual citizen to come to objective conclusions and to make intelligent use of his political rights.

- Albert Einstein, "Why Socialism?"
 
"The safest general characterization of the European philosophical tradition is that it consists of a series of footnotes to Plato."

- Alfred North Whitehead, English mathematician and philosopher
 
....according to me....
limiting myself to the western intellectual tradition (sorry Confucius and Avicenna).

At this time, I choose to pay personal homage to Voltaire - a person who directly impacted, and represents a clear and distinct dividing line between an era of intolerance, and an age of toleration.

Begins and ends with Socrates!
 
Begins and ends with Socrates!
^^ Fundamentally changed the nature of human thought and philosophy by focusing inquiry onto the moral and ethical dimensions of life. Have to wonder how much of it was filtered through Plato, since we do not actually have a single word written by Socrates.

Wrapping this up: the dawn of my appreciation for Socrates began with "Bill and Ted's Excellent Adventure" !
 
^^ Fundamentally changed the nature of human thought and philosophy by focusing inquiry onto the moral and ethical dimensions of life. Have to wonder how much of it was filtered through Plato, since we do not actually have a single word written by Socrates.

Wrapping this up: the dawn of my appreciation for Socrates began with "Bill and Ted's Excellent Adventure" !

Plato would be the first ,to give Socrates the credit he deserved
 
While the liberal tradition probably traces its roots to John Stuart Mill, Voltaire, and maybe Rosseau,
I maintain the modern conservative tradition can trace its roots back to Hobbes. With its prodigious emphasis on the need for security and order in the face of perceived relentless dangers posed by anarchy, immigrants, crime, outsiders, et al. As well, the elevation of passion over reason and virtue as a motivating force for political actions.

Thomas Hobbes was an English philosopher born in 1588, which means that he was born over 2,000 years after Plato. And yet he, just as Aristotle, had very much Plato in mind when he was writing his political philosophy. He was responding to Plato’s rationalism and especially Plato’s utopian, from Hobbes’ point of view, unrealistic thinking in The Republic, because Hobbes was, a realist, who rejected ideal solutions for politics.

According to Hobbes, the strongest human passions are the desire for power and the fear of violent death. Hobbes described the human predicament in the state of nature as a futile search for peace, security, and order. Whereas Plato used education to transform people’s attitudes, Hobbes relied not on reason, but on human passions to rescue people from their condition of pervasive insecurity.

Source credit: Dennis G. Dalton, Ph.D., Professor of Political Science, Columbia University
 
Aristotle: Ethics

I maintain that Aristotle was arguably the greatest human mind ever. As a philosopher, he might have been outclassed by only by Plato; he invented the discipline of logic; and he was arguably the foremost natural scientist, biologist and zoologist of antiquity.

Basically, a mind which ranged from philosophy, ethics, logic, biology, politics, geology, zoology, and medicine.

What is happiness? What is moral excellence? How can you attain them? Can either be taught? For more than 2,000 years, thoughtful people have been turning to Aristotle (384–322 B.C.) to help them find answers to questions like these.

Aristotle's four cardinal virtues:
Courage, moderation, justice, and prudence

Aristotle claims that happiness (eudaimonia)— not pleasure, honor, or wealth— is the real goal of life,
and that only moral excellence can make you happy
Aristotle explains of how and why people attain— or fall short of— ethical excellence

Source credit: Father Joseph Koterski, S.J., Ph.D. Fordham University
 
Segueing to studying the Existentialists

Apparently, the most important Existential philosophers and writers

Soren Kierkegaard
Friedrich Nietzsche
Fyodor Dostoyevsky
Jean-Paul Sartre
 
....according to me....
limiting myself to the western intellectual tradition (sorry Confucius and Avicenna).

At this time, I choose to pay personal homage to Voltaire - a person who directly impacted, and represents a clear and distinct dividing line between an era of intolerance, and an age of toleration.

Antiquity
Marcus Aurelius
Aristotle
Domacles
Augustus

Middle Ages
Augustine
Boethius
William of Okham

Renaissance
Leonardo Devinci
Nicolò Capernicus
Nicolò Machiavelli

Early Modern Era
Isaac Newton
Thomas Hobbes

Enlightenment
Voltaire
Thomas Jefferson
Ben Franklin

Romantacism
Victor Hugo
William Blake

Modern Era
Noam Chomsky
Arthur Koestler
George Carlin
Mott The Hoople
 
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Antiquity
Marcus Aurelius
Aristotle
Domacles

Middle Ages
Augustine
Boethius
William of Okham

Renaissance
Leonardo Devinci
Nicolò Capernicus
Nicolò Machiavelli

Early Modern Era
Isaac Newton
Thomas Hobbes

Enlightenment
Voltaire
Thomas Jefferson
Ben Franklin

Romantacism
Victor Hugo
William Blake

Modern Era
Noam Chomsky
Arthur Koestler
George Carlin
Mott The Hoople

A good list.

I believe the Stoic school is underated, so we should probably give Zeno an honorable mention for the minds of antiquity
 
A good list.

I believe the Stoic school is underated, so we should probably give Zeno an honorable mention for the minds of antiquity

I think a gave stoicism it’s due via Marcus Aurelius. Having said that I think Cato the Younger embodied all the pitfalls of Stoicism.

On your comments on Thomas Hobbes. I would argue that John Stuart Mills was the father of modern conservatism. I think Hobbes was the father of modern realism. Virtually all the philosophers we cited are rationalist but Hobbes understood that people are rarely rational and are mostly emotional and passionate. Which, from what I’ve seen, is entirely true.
 
I think a gave stoicism it’s due via Marcus Aurelius. Having said that I think Cato the Younger embodied all the pitfalls of Stoicism.

On your comments on Thomas Hobbes. I would argue that John Stuart Mills was the father of modern conservatism. I think Hobbes was the father of modern realism. Virtually all the philosophers we cited are rationalist but Hobbes understood that people are rarely rational and are mostly emotional and passionate. Which, from what I’ve seen, is entirely true.

In all honesty, trying to apply the label of conservative to Hobbes is anachronistic. He was a mind that defies modern convention.

Both liberals and conservatives try to claim Mills. I think a stronger argument can be made for him being more a testament to liberalism

I maintain that Edmund Burke is the grandfather of conservatism - and unequivocally so. No liberal I am familiar with has ever claimed Burke.
 
Renaissance must include Goslicki?

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wawrzyniec_Grzymała_Goślicki#cite_note-cole-1

In this book Goślicki shows the ideal statesman who is well versed in the humanities as well as in economy, politics, and law. He argued that law is above the ruler, who must respect it, and that it is illegitimate to rule over a people against its will. He equated godliness with reason, and reason with law.[1] Many of the book's ideas comprised the foundations of Polish Nobles' Democracy (1505–1795) and were based on 14th-century writings by Stanisław of Skarbimierz. The book was not translated into Polish for 400 years.[1]

The book was influential abroad, exporting the ideas of Poland's Golden Freedom and democratic system. It was a political and social classic, widely read and long popular in England after its 1598 translation;[5] read by Elizabeth I of England, it was also known by Shakespeare, who used his depiction of an incompetent senator as a model for Polonius in Hamlet.[1] Its ideas might be seen in the turmoil that gripped England around the times of Glorious Revolution.[1] Goślicki's ideas were perhaps suggestive for future national constitutions. Goślicki never wrote that "all men are created equal," but did say, "Sometimes a people, justly provoked and irritated, by the Tyranny and Usurpations of their Kings, take upon themselves the undoubted Right of vindicating their own liberties.
 
In all honesty, trying to apply the label of conservative to Hobbes is anachronistic. He was a mind that defies modern convention.

Both liberals and conservatives try to claim Mills. I think a stronger argument can be made for him being more a testament to liberalism

I maintain that Edmund Burke is the grandfather of conservatism - and unequivocally so. No liberal I am familiar with has ever claimed Burke.

That’s a good point on both Hobbes and Mills. I think that liberals have the stronger claim on Mills but many so called conservatives aren’t true conservatives. Not surprising as the US has never really had a true conservative tradition but modern conservatives have attempted to co-opt classical liberalism and some principles of Enlightenment philosophy as “modern conservativism (which they really are not) and re-define liberalism as modern socialism, to which there is some truth to that as modern conservatives have been quite successful at redefining liberalism as socialism. Which is not correct but has been very successfully used politically.
 
That’s a good point on both Hobbes and Mills. I think that liberals have the stronger claim on Mills but many so called conservatives aren’t true conservatives. Not surprising as the US has never really had a true conservative tradition but modern conservatives have attempted to co-opt classical liberalism and some principles of Enlightenment philosophy as “modern conservativism (which they really are not) and re-define liberalism as modern socialism, to which there is some truth to that as modern conservatives have been quite successful at redefining liberalism as socialism. Which is not correct but has been very successfully used politically.

I wade through the bigotry, slander, and innuendo on this message board for posts like this ^^. .

You completely articulated my understanding of the legacy of John Stuart Mills. Cheers
 
It is probably the influence of F.R. Leavis, but I find a bit of a gap between the only true conservative, Socrates, and Marx in this tradition, but I suppose it is difficult to be too critical of Mill, so he'll do to fill it, fair play.
 
Renaissance must include Goslicki?

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wawrzyniec_Grzymała_Goślicki#cite_note-cole-1

In this book Goślicki shows the ideal statesman who is well versed in the humanities as well as in economy, politics, and law. He argued that law is above the ruler, who must respect it, and that it is illegitimate to rule over a people against its will. He equated godliness with reason, and reason with law.[1] Many of the book's ideas comprised the foundations of Polish Nobles' Democracy (1505–1795) and were based on 14th-century writings by Stanisław of Skarbimierz. The book was not translated into Polish for 400 years.[1]

The book was influential abroad, exporting the ideas of Poland's Golden Freedom and democratic system. It was a political and social classic, widely read and long popular in England after its 1598 translation;[5] read by Elizabeth I of England, it was also known by Shakespeare, who used his depiction of an incompetent senator as a model for Polonius in Hamlet.[1] Its ideas might be seen in the turmoil that gripped England around the times of Glorious Revolution.[1] Goślicki's ideas were perhaps suggestive for future national constitutions. Goślicki never wrote that "all men are created equal," but did say, "Sometimes a people, justly provoked and irritated, by the Tyranny and Usurpations of their Kings, take upon themselves the undoubted Right of vindicating their own liberties.

And in the great Polish tradition of self immolation they destroyed their own democratic tradition with the veto to protect the fuedal rights and liberty of the Polish aristocracy.
 
Okay, I'll give this a shot.

Greatest philosophers:

H. L. Menchen

Lawrence (Yogi) Berra

Charles (Casey) Stengel


Don't get no bettah than these!
 
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