numbers were overstated in an attempt to scare people into doing useless things so that it would seem as if the state was "doing something" about it.
This is too often how things work on debate sites like this: people simply assert things they'd like to be true. I could, of course, simply respond with the exact opposite naked assertion:
"Numbers were
understated in an attempt to lull people into a false sense of confidence so that they'd be more likely to expose themselves to pointless dangers in order to keep the economy growing."
Those kinds of dueling assertions get us nowhere. That's why the excess death data is so useful, because it actually MEASURES what happened, rather than just asserting what we'd like to think happened.
We know as a FACT that mortality rates shot up severely during the pandemic -- about 17% above the number that were expected to die based on pre-pandemic mortality rates, nationwide. We know as a FACT that increase involved significantly more extra deaths than can be accounted for strictly by those that various states were willing to acknowledge were caused by COVID.
There are two basic theories to explain that gap:
(1) COVID killed a lot more people than the official counts acknowledged, because on average there were pressures to under-count.
(2) There were other systemic reasons that officials innocently missed a lot of COVID-caused mortality (e.g., delayed mortality associated with COVID-caused ravages to the body, but only after a person was COVID negative, so the COVID link was missed).
(3) The pandemic killed a lot of people indirectly (e.g., people dying at higher rates of gunshots, because overworked ER doctors, exhausted by COVID, were making dumb mistakes that got patients killed).
I don't have data that could tease out how much each of those things factored in. But what I can look into is a fourth potential explanation that ended up not being true: that it was the anti-COVID methods themselves that boosted excess deaths (e.g., lockdowns, or vaccines). Since the excess mortality was highest in places with lower vaccination rates and less strict anti-COVID measures, that's clearly not what happened. It was something about the pandemic itself driving up COVID, rather than us overreacting to it.
States differed simply because they have always differed in how they collect data.
But, again, that's where the excess death data is so great. It is one of the few areas where all the states collect data almost exactly the same way. There's no debate about whether a given body is dead or not. Counting corpses is easy -- the number of judgement calls there are statistically insignificant (e.g., an exceedingly rare case where you're deciding when to declare a long-missing person dead). Very nearly every single person who dies in a state is counted and reported up the same way. So, when we see that, say, Arizona's mortality rate spiked 27% since the pandemic started, while Massachusetts's spiked 5%, that means thousands of extra corpses in Arizona. Arizona may insist on saying almost none of those were COVID deaths, but one way or the other, the pandemic caused a vast spike in mortality there.