Diuretic
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This illustration shows where some types of diuretics act, and what they do.
This illustration shows where some types of diuretics act, and what they do.
A diuretic is any drug that elevates the rate of bodily urine excretion (diuresis). There are several categories of diuretics. All diuretics increase the excretion of water from the body, although each class of diuretic does so in a distinct way.
Contents
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* 1 High ceiling loop diuretics
* 2 Thiazides
* 3 Potassium-sparing diuretics
* 4 Osmotic diuretics
o 4.1 High Blood Glucose
* 5 Uses
* 6 Mechanism of action
* 7 External links
[edit] High ceiling loop diuretics
Drugs such as furosemide inhibit the body's ability to reabsorb sodium at the ascending loop in the kidney which leads to a retention of water in the urine as water normally follows sodium back into the extracellular fluid (ECF). Other examples of high ceiling loop diuretics include ethacrynic acid, torsemide and bumetanide.
[edit] Thiazides
Drugs such as hydrochlorothiazide act on the distal tubule and inhibit the Na-Cl symport leading to a retention of water in the urine as water normally follows penetrating solutes.
[edit] Potassium-sparing diuretics
These are diuretics which do not promote the secretion of potassium into the urine; thus, potassium is spared and not lost as much as in other diuretics. Such drugs include spironolactone which is a competitive antagonists of aldosterone. Aldosterone normally adds sodium channels in the principal cells of the collecting duct and late distal tubule of the nephron. Spironolactone prevents aldosterone from entering the principal cells, preventing sodium reabsorption. Other examples of potassium-sparing diuretics are amiloride and triamterene. These drugs bind to the sodium channels of the principal cells, inhibiting an aldosterone-induced increase in sodium reabsorption.
[edit] Osmotic diuretics
Compounds such as mannitol are filtered in the glomerulus, but cannot be reabsorbed. Their presence leads to an increase in the osmolarity of the filtrate. To maintain osmotic balance, water is retained in the urine.
[edit] High Blood Glucose
Glucose, like mannitol, is a sugar that can behave as an osmotic diuretic. Unlike mannitol, glucose is commonly found in the blood. However, in certain conditions such as diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glucose in the blood exceeds the maximum resorption capacity of the kidney. When this happens, glucose remains in the filtrate, leading to the osmotic retention of water in the urine. Use of some drugs, especially stimulants may also increase blood glucose and thus increase urination.
[edit] Uses
In medicine, diuretics are used to treat heart failure, liver cirrhosis, hypertension and certain kidney diseases. Some diuretics, such as acetazolamide, help to make the urine more alkaline and are helpful in increasing excretion of substances such as aspirin in cases of overdose or poisoning. Diuretics are often abused by sufferers of eating disorders, especially bulimics, in attempts at weight loss.
The antihypertensive actions of some diuretics (thiazides and loop diuretics in particular) are independent of their diuretic effect. That is, the reduction in blood pressure is not due to decreased blood volume resulting from increased urine production, but occurs through other mechanisms and at lower doses than that required to produce diuresis. Indapamide was specifically designed with this in mind, and has a larger therapeutic window for hypertension (without pronounced diuresis) than most other diuretics.
[edit] Mechanism of action
Classification of common diuretics and their mechanisms of action
Agent Group Examples Mechanism Location
- Ethanol, Water inhibits vasopressin secretion
Acidifying salts CaCl2, NH4Cl
Arginine vasopressin
receptor 2 antagonists amphotericin B, lithium citrate inhibit vasopressin's action collecting duct
Aquaretics Goldenrod, Juniper Increases blood flow in kidneys
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors acetazolamide, dorzolamide inhibit H+ secretion, resultant promotion of Na+ and K+ excretion proximal tubule
Loop diuretics bumetanide, ethacrynic acid, furosemide, torsemide inhibit the Na-K-2Cl symporter medullary thick ascending limb
Osmotic diuretics glucose (especially in uncontrolled diabetes), mannitol promote osmotic diuresis proximal tubule, descending limb
Potassium-sparing diuretics amiloride, spironolactone, triamterene inhibition of Na+/K+ exchange: Spironolactone inhibits aldosterone action, Amiloride inhibits epithelial sodium channels cortical collecting ducts
Thiazides bendroflumethiazide, hydrochlorothiazide inhibit Na+/Cl- reabsorption distal convoluted tubules
Xanthines caffeine, theophylline inhibit reabsorption of Na+, increase glomerular filtration rate tubules
