In your new book, you ask how the mind can influence matter. Are we any closer to answering that question today than when Descartes posited it nearly four centuries ago?
There’s
materialism, which is now known as physicalism, which says that only physical really exists, and there is no mental.
Then there’s
idealism, which is now enjoying a mini-renaissance, but by and large has not been popular in the 20th and early 21st century, which says that everything fundamentally is a manifestation of the mental.
Then there is classical
dualism, which says there’s clearly physical matter and there’s the mental, and they somehow have to interact. It’s been challenging to understand how the mental interacts with the physical—that’s known as the causation problem.
And then there are other things like
panpsychism, that’s now becoming
very popular again, which is a very ancient faith. It says that fundamentally everything is “ensouled”—that everything, even elementary particles, feel a little bit like something.
I think the problem is in science, not the layperson. Most people--even science literate--don't live their lives according to science.
Neuroscientist Christof Koch on human minds, AI, and bacteria.
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