It was well understood when Congress proposed the 12 amendments originally submitted in the Bill of Rights that those amendments only applied to the federal government.
No, some of them have always applied to the State governments as well. Some of them do not and still don't. There has been no 'incorporation' as you describe it.
The entire purpose was to placate those opposed to the stronger powers given to the central government by limiting its power so they would ratify the document.
No. It was also to clarify limits on the federal government, and to declare agreements between State governments.
No right can be violated if it does not apply.
No right comes from the Constitution. Rights do not come from a piece of paper. The Bill of Rights is not about providing rights. It's about limiting government to not interfere with certain specific rights.
You have the right to defend yourself. That right is inherent. It does not come from the Constitution.
You have the right to your property. You paid for it or created it. That does not come from the Constitution.
You have the right to believe what you want to believe. No government can change that.
The Bill of Rights protects these inherent rights by specifically limiting government from interfering with them. They are not the only rights. Nothing in the Bill of Rights is to construe an exhaustive list of rights.
The Bill of Rights is not the only part of the Constitution.
No court has the authority to change the Constitution. Congress does not have authority to change the Constitution. The President does not have authority to change the Constitution. They are each agents created by that Constitution. That contract is created by the States. It is owned by the States. Only the States can change it. The agents created by such a contract cannot modify the contract that created them!
For your State and local constitutions, it is the same thing, except the owners of those contracts are the people of that State (or county, or parish, or city; depending on which constitution you are discussing).
This is what a republic is...governance by law, not by men.