Jesus Christ in ancient, non-biblical historical records
Updated Jan 07, 2019; Posted Mar 25, 2016
One of the earliest known depictions of Jesus Christ. Dated to the 4th century, it was found in a cemetery in an imperial villa that belonged to Constantine.
Christians now observing Holy Week - the passion, death and resurrection of Jesus Christ - base their beliefs on the gospel writings contained in the New Testament.
But the historical Jesus' life is mentioned in several non-Christian texts written by Jewish, Roman and Greek authors in the decades following his death.
The most famous of these is "Antiquities of the Jews," written by the Jewish historian Josephus ben Matthias (37-100 A.D.)
Josephus, who had fought against the Romans, was a slave and interpreter before he was granted Roman citizenship. He wrote "The Jewish War" in 75 A.D. and "Antiquities of the Jews, some 19 years later. By comparison, the earliest known gospel, attributed to Mark, is believed to have been written in 70 A.D.
Josephus' writings mention a number of biblical figures - Jesus Christ, John the Baptist, James, the brother of Jesus, Pontius Pilate, the Sadducees, the Sanhedrin, the High Priests, and the Pharisees.
In one passage, Josephus refers to the stoning death of James in 62 A.D., calling him "the brother of Jesus who is called Christ." The neutral phrase "who is called Christ" was employed by Josephus to distinguish the subject from the other men named James and Jesus mentioned in "Antiquities."
An expanded and more detailed reference to Jesus by Josephus has been the subject of debate with some claiming it to be entirely accurate and others who believe it was manufactured and inserted by early Christians.
In this passage, Josephus discussed Jesus' broad appeal, condemnation, death and resurrection. Most scholars agree that early Christians likely added to Josephus' work such phrases "He was the Christ" and "he appeared to them alive again the third day." A Jewish historian, they argued, would not have written those words.
A more neutral translation of Josephus' description of Jesus appears in John P. Meier's book "A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus: The Roots of the Problem and the Person." Removing the disputed phrases, the reference reads:
Jesus existence and the devotion of his followers also appears outside Judeo-Christian texts written within a century after his death.
Cornelius Tacitus (56-117 A.D.), a Roman consular and respected historian known for his dislike of Christians and Jews, wrote that Nero blamed the great fire in Rome of 64 A.D. on the followers of Christos, who was executed by Pilate during the reign of Tiberius. His words "mischievous superstition" may be a reference to the Christian belief of Jesus' resurrection.
The Roman magistrate Pliny the Younger (61-113 A.D), who like his friend Tacitus had supervised trials of Christians, documented that early Christians believed Jesus to be a god, and they observed a strict moral code and gathered regularly for a worship. Their gatherings included song and the sharing of a meal.
Beyond Rome, the Greek satirist Lucian of Samosata (115-200 A.D.) mocked early Christians for following their crucified lawgiver. He documented their belief in everlasting life.
While none of these accounts will settle the faith-based argument on the divinity of Jesus, scholar Lawrence Mykytiuk wrote in Biblical Archaeology Review, the following historical points can be gleamed:
Jesus existed and had a brother named James
His appeal extended beyond Jews and included Greeks
Jewish leaders of the day held an unfavorable opinion of him
He was crucified when Pontius Pilate was prefect of Judea (26-36 A.D.)
Jesus was called "Christos" in Greek, a translation of the Hebrew word Messiah
https://www.masslive.com/living/201...cient_historical_non-biblical_accounts_1.html