In 1985 Gorbachev installed the reform-minded Eduard Shevardnadze as foreign minister and held his first summit meeting with U.S. president Ronald Reagan. In all, Gorbachev held nine summits with U.S. presidents Reagan and George Bush, and also established relationships with British prime minister Margaret Thatcher, West German chancellor Helmut Kohl, and other Western leaders. In 1987 Gorbachev called for “new thinking” in the Soviet Union regarding international relations, and in many ways he put the fresh ideas that came to the fore into effect. That year he and President Reagan signed an agreement calling for both countries’ elimination of all their land-based nuclear missiles of intermediate and shorter range. In July 1991 he and President Bush signed the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START I), committing the two countries to sharp reductions in their nuclear arsenals. Gorbachev’s government withdrew all forces from Afghanistan between May 1988 and early 1989 and cut its support for revolutionary movements and anti-Western governments in Africa. In the Middle East, the Soviet government improved relations with Israel and cooperated in the American-led effort to evict Iraqi forces from Kuwait in 1991, during the Persian Gulf War.
The most far-reaching changes, however, were in Soviet policy toward the other countries of Eastern Europe, which had been under Soviet domination since the 1940s. Gorbachev warned the Communist governments in those countries that the USSR would no longer use force to keep them in power, and he encouraged the East European countries to fend for themselves economically and to embark on internal reforms. In 1989 a tide of political change washed over the region, culminating in the collapse of the Communist regime in East Germany and the opening of the Berlin Wall. In 1990 Gorbachev agreed to the reunification of Germany and the withdrawal of Soviet forces from Germany, Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia. In October of that year Gorbachev was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in recognition of his foreign policy initiatives
Why do you refuse to read about the guy?