At one time the Arabs were, indeed, the lead in the Western world. The Islamic Golden Age lasted 500 years from the 8th to the 13th centuries. Basically, the 900 year European "Dark Ages". More accurately, when most of Europe was in the Feudal Period from 9th to the 15th centuries and most Europeans were wallowing in pig shit.
Why the Arabs fell into the mess they are now is unknown to me, but my guess is that they rested on their laurels while the rest of the world passed them by. Kinda like the US is doing now. The US used to be the lead in science, but now half or more of our citizens are
anti-science. Go figure.
Al-Khwarizmi, Muslim mathematician and astronomer whose major works introduced Hindu-Arabic numerals and the concepts of algebra into European mathematics. Latinized versions of his name and of his most famous book title live on in the terms algorithm and algebra.
www.britannica.com
The Islamic Golden Age not only had a profound impact on the Muslim world but also played a pivotal role in inspiring innovation in other parts of the world.
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The ‘Dark Ages’ were between the 5th and 14th centuries, lasting 900 years. The timeline falls between the fall of the Roman Empire and...
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Middle Ages, the period in European history from the collapse of Roman civilization in the 5th century CE to the dawn of the Renaissance (variously interpreted as beginning in the 13th, 14th, or 15th century, depending on the region of Europe and other factors).
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As for Arabic numbers:
Learn how to write numbers in Arabic with Preply's 101 guide.
preply.com
Did you know that it was an Arab scholar from modern-day Iraq who came up with the mathematical concept of “zero”? The idea of a symbol representing “nothing” dates back to the Babylonians. However, Al-Khwarizmi – the father of Algebra and whose name is the etymological root for algorithms – was the first scholar to give a mathematical value to “zero,” which advanced the science of mathematics....
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The Arabic numbers are everything that we just learned. Their shapes originated in India, and the system they follow is called the Indo-Arabic numeral system. However, the term Arabic numerals refers to the numeral system used in Latin languages today, including English.
Arabs in the Middle Ages were passionate about numbers, especially in geometry. That is why they came up with a system for writing numerals that reflects the number of angles in each shape, as you can see in the image above. Another reason why “zero” gained significance – thanks to Arab scholars – is because it not only represents nothingness but also the lack of angles geometrically, a perfect sphere.