instability in poor nations. 6
Sampson, Raudenbush, and Earls, in their 1997 study of neighborhoods and
violent crime, examined race and class segregation in poor Chicago neighborhoods
and its impact on “collective efficacy,” or social cohesion among neighbors. They
found that “alienation, exploitation, and dependency wrought by resource deprivation
acts as a centrifugal force that stymies collective efficacy.” The greater the
effect of this resource deprivation — a phenomenon the authors called the “concentrated
disadvantage” factor — the stronger the correlation to the level of violence.7
The study by Sampson and others focused on race and class issues within American
society, which, because of its egalitarian ethos, may intensify individual feelings
of alienation and exploitation. This may limit the study’s value in examining the
effects of poverty in developing nations. But “alienation, exploitation, and dependency”
are highly relevant factors there as well. They cause social and political
stress both within poor nations and between poor and rich regions, especially in an
information age when social and economic discrepancies are more obvious.