Louisiana and Alaska were bought.
The Louisiana Purchase, which took place in 1803, involved the acquisition of approximately 828,000 square miles of territory from France by the United States. Here's a breakdown of how this transition affected the people living in that territory:
- Native American Tribes: The territory was home to numerous Native American tribes, including the Osage, Caddo, Quapaw, and others. These tribes did not agree to become part of the United States through any formal process or treaty directly related to the Louisiana Purchase itself. Instead, their lands were part of the transaction between France and the U.S., often leading to subsequent treaties, displacement, and conflicts as U.S. expansion continued.
- French and Spanish Settlers:
- French Settlers: Many French settlers in the region, particularly in areas like New Orleans, had to adapt to American governance. The transition was not always smooth, with cultural and legal differences causing friction. However, many French inhabitants eventually integrated into American society, though some initially resisted American rule or left for other French territories.
- Spanish Settlers: The area had also been under Spanish control before reverting to France shortly before the sale. Spanish settlers, like their French counterparts, found themselves under new American administration. Their agreement was more about adapting to new governance rather than a formal consent process.
- Legal and Political Transition: Post-purchase, the U.S. government established new territories and eventually states from the Louisiana Purchase land. The process involved setting up territorial governments, which sometimes included local elections where residents could participate, but this was more of an administrative incorporation rather than a consultation on becoming American.
- Cultural Impact: Over time, the cultural legacy of the area has been a blend of French, Spanish, Native American, and American influences, showing that while the inhabitants did not formally "agree" in a democratic sense, they adapted to and influenced the new American context.
In summary, the people living in the Louisiana Purchase territory didn't have a say in a modern democratic sense regarding becoming American citizens. The change in sovereignty was imposed by the transaction between France and the U.S., followed by gradual integration into the United States through governance, law, and cultural adaptation. The Native American perspective, in particular, is one of significant loss and conflict due to this expansion.
When the United States purchased Alaska from Russia in 1867, known as the Alaska Purchase or Seward's Folly, the indigenous peoples living there were not formally consulted or involved in the negotiations. Here's a breakdown of the situation:
- Negotiations and Agreement: The transaction was between the governments of the United States and Russia. The Treaty of Cession was signed on March 30, 1867, by U.S. Secretary of State William H. Seward and Russian Minister Eduard de Stoeckl.
- Indigenous Peoples: At the time of the purchase, Alaska was inhabited by various indigenous groups including the Inuit, Yupik, Tlingit, Haida, Tsimshian, and Aleut peoples, among others. These groups had their own governance structures but were not part of the diplomatic discussions or decisions regarding the sale.
- Legal and Political Status: The indigenous populations were not considered part of the political entities negotiating the sale. They were subjects of Russian colonial rule, which was then transferred to U.S. sovereignty with little regard for their rights or opinions.
- Aftermath: The transfer of Alaska to U.S. control had significant impacts on the indigenous populations, including changes in land use, governance, and cultural disruptions. It wasn't until much later, with acts like the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of 1971, that some formal recognition and compensation were given to Alaska Natives for their lands.
- Consultation Practices: The concept of consulting indigenous peoples on matters affecting their territories was not a common practice in international law or diplomacy at that time. It would be decades before such considerations became part of international human rights discourse, particularly with the adoption of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples in 2007.
In summary, the residents of Alaska, meaning the indigenous populations, were not consulted in the traditional sense during the purchase of Alaska by the United States from Russia. The transaction was handled at the governmental level between the two nation-states involved.
Texas decided to join, though it was mostly made up of Americans at the time, so that was easy. And with Texas, there was a huge payment of cash.
Prior to its annexation by the United States in 1845, the Republic of Texas had a diverse population, but a significant portion was indeed made up of American citizens or immigrants from the United States. Here's a breakdown:
- American Settlers: Many settlers in Texas came from the United States, particularly from the southern states. These settlers were attracted by land grants offered by the Mexican government in the early 19th century, before Texas declared independence. This group included individuals like Stephen F. Austin, who led the "Old Three Hundred" settlers to Texas.
- Tejanos: There was also a substantial population of Tejanos, people of Spanish or Mexican descent who were living in Texas. They were the original inhabitants or descendants of those who had lived in the region under Spanish and then Mexican rule.
- Native Americans: Various indigenous groups also resided in Texas, including the Comanche, Apache, and others, though they were not part of the formal political structure of the Republic of Texas.
- Immigrants from Other Countries: There were also immigrants from Europe, particularly from Germany, who came to Texas after the independence from Mexico but before annexation by the U.S.
When Texas declared independence in 1836 and became the Republic of Texas, the demographic included a mix of these groups. However, by the time of annexation in 1845, the American influence had become predominant due to the influx of settlers from the U.S. and the political leadership which was largely composed of Americans or those who aligned with American interests.
There was not a "huge payment of cash" directly involved in the annexation of the Republic of Texas by the United States. The annexation was accomplished through a Joint Resolution of the U.S. Congress in 1845, which did not include any direct monetary payment to Texas for annexation.
In the broader context of the Mexican-American War, which was partly triggered by the annexation, there were financial settlements. After the war, under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848, the United States paid Mexico $15 million for the Mexican Cession, which included territories beyond Texas. This payment was not for Texas, but for a much larger area of land ceded by Mexico.
@Grok