PostmodernProphet
fully immersed in faith..
most atheists will pretend its true......ignoring the fact that almost all the scientists they are talking about were Christians......
Is Christian culture compatabel with Western Culture....
- Thread starter Jarod
- Start date
Legion Troll
A fine upstanding poster
The scientists who challenged Chrisitian teachings came to bitter ends. Although the vast majority were Christians themselves who had no desire to harm the Church, their findings were completely unacceptable to the popes, saints and theologians who were already committed to a previous version of the truth.
Here is what happened to some of the most famous scientists:
Copernicus had concluded by 1500 A.D. that that the sun is the center of the solar system, but he kept his theories secret for 30 years, not wishing to draw the wrath of the Church. Shortly after publishing Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies, he died of old age, and was thus spared their angry response. But they got their revenge anyway, by burying him in a grave that marked none of his great accomplishments, but said: "I ask not the grace accorded to Paul; not that given to Peter; give me only the favor which Thou didst show to the thief on the cross." Then they kept silent about his work for 70 years -- until the appearance of Galileo.
Bruno had no such luck; when he publicly defended Copernicus, the Inquisition arrested him, tortured and burned him at the stake.
Galileo, often called "the Father of Modern Science," was the first astronomer to claim actual evidence that the earth was not the center of the universe, but revolved around the sun. For this, Galileo came under intense criticism and persecution from the Church. Pope Urban VIII personally gave the order in 1633 that Galileo, then an old man of 70, should be threatened with torture if he did not renounce the heresy that the earth revolved around the sun. Under repeated threats of torture, Galileo finally renounced his beliefs. He was then placed under house arrest, and not freed even after he went blind. Technically, the Church never convicted Galileo of heresy (only a "vehement suspicion of heresy") but it did make clear that the "heresy" in question was defined as the belief that the earth rotated around the sun. And, to leave absolutely no doubt about how completely it condemned the ideas of Galileo, the Church censored and prohibited all books supporting his scientific findings for over 200 years. This censorship was placed in the Index of Prohibited Books, which was personally signed by every pope who renewed it. Protestants would be mistaken in thinking this is a Catholic embarrassment only. Every Protestant church before 1800 rose in bitter opposition to the "atheistic" findings of Galileo.
Campanella was tortured seven times by the Inquisition for a number of heresies, one of which was writing Defense of Galileo.
Rene Descartes, alarmed by the Inquisition's persecution of Galileo, delayed his plans to publish The World, a book that agreed with Galileo's views. Later he wrote Meditations on First Philosophy, which introduced the idea that truth can be discovered only through scientific investigation and the scientific method. This earned the hostility of the Church, and their persecution caused Descartes much suffering. This great philosopher, who is famous for attempting a logical proof of God's existence, was called an atheist, and his works were placed on the Index of Prohibited Books. Protestant theologians in his resident Holland wanted him tortured and put to death.
Tycho Brahe, Johannes Kepler and Edmond Halley were pioneers in describing the orbits of celestial bodies like comets and planets. The orderly laws of nature they described contradicted the Church's belief that comets were thrown in anger from the right hand of God, or that they portended disaster and war. For over a hundred years the Church argued against them -- to describe how heated, bitter and personal this debate grew in a single paragraph is impossible. But Halley secured the final victory by accurately predicting the return of the comet that now bears his name. All three would have been brought before the Inquisition had they not been Protestant.
Isaac Newton kept his true religious beliefs secret, for fear of persecution, until literally his dying day. He privately rejected his native Anglican Church at about age 30, convinced that its teachings about Christ's divinity and the existence of a Trinity were a fraud. He instead accepted Arianism, a 4th century Christian heresy. Only on his deathbed did he reveal his true beliefs by rejecting the Anglican sacrament. (2) Many Christians opposed his scientific findings as well, for everyone had previously believed that God actively and frequently intervened in the ordinary events of the universe. Christians charged that he "took from God that direct action on his works so constantly ascribed to him in Scripture and transferred it to material mechanism," and that he "substituted gravitation for Providence."
Georges Louis Leclerc Comte de Buffon, one of the more colorful scientists in history, was the first to study fossils and suggest that life forms had changed in the past. The proto-version of evolution earned him the enmity of the Church, which forced him to resign from his Sorbonne University position and recant his views. The Church then humiliated him by publishing his recantation.
William Buckland, Charles Lyell, Louis Agassiz, and Adam Sedgewick were all 19th century Christian geologists who originally set out to prove the story of creation and Noah's Flood. But despite their best attempts to reconcile their discoveries with the Bible, their findings kept pointing in the other direction: namely, the earth was several billion years old, not 6,000. One by one, they recanted their belief in the literal interpretation of Genesis and accepted the findings of modern geology. For their intellectual honesty, they came under terrific attack from the Church, which hurled epithets like "infidel," "impugner of the sacred record," and "assailant of the volume of God." Their geology was condemned as "a dark art," "dangerous and disreputable," "a forbidden province," "infernal artillery" and "an awful evasion of the testimony of revelation."
Robert Chambers created a major scandal in 1844 when he published an anonymous best-selling book entitled The Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation. The book contained the blasphemous suggestion that an orderly progression in the changes of fossils indicated that species themselves had evolved. Religious leaders demanded to learn the identity of the author and denounced the book in the angriest terms possible. The ensuing controversy proved that Chambers had made the correct decision to publish anonymously.
Charles Darwin knew that his revolutionary theories on natural selection would invite the full fury of the Christian world. He therefore delayed publishing his theory for over 20 years, agonizing over the decision of whether or not to publish. His hand was forced in 1858, when he learned that the naturalist Alfred Wallace was about to publish the same theory. His fears proved true -- the reaction from the Church was shock, disappointment and anger. The world-wide attacks on his character, theories and personal life are common knowledge now, but he was saved from physical harm for two reasons. First, nearly the entire scientific community was quick to see the soundness of his theories, and rallied immediately to his defense. Second, the age of the Inquisition and other torture-based persecutions had finally passed.
Bertrand Russell found that Christian persecution exists even in the 20th century. One of the greatest of modern philosophers, Russell angered many Christians with his essay, Why I am not a Christian. And they exacted their revenge in 1940, when Russell accepted an appointment at the College of the City of New York. The Christian community launched a furious and protracted campaign to prevent the appointment, printing slanderous accusations of homosexuality, child molestation, public nudity and lechery. (This, for his mildly liberal views on sex, which would be considered tame by today's standards.) Even New York's highest political officials joined the assault, calling him a "dog" who should be "tarred and feathered and driven out of the country." Christians sued in court to prevent Russell's appointment, and in a trial filled with legal howlers, Russell was barred from teaching in New York State -- in a word, censored.
http://www.huppi.com/kangaroo/L-sciencechristianity.htm
Here is what happened to some of the most famous scientists:
Copernicus had concluded by 1500 A.D. that that the sun is the center of the solar system, but he kept his theories secret for 30 years, not wishing to draw the wrath of the Church. Shortly after publishing Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies, he died of old age, and was thus spared their angry response. But they got their revenge anyway, by burying him in a grave that marked none of his great accomplishments, but said: "I ask not the grace accorded to Paul; not that given to Peter; give me only the favor which Thou didst show to the thief on the cross." Then they kept silent about his work for 70 years -- until the appearance of Galileo.
Bruno had no such luck; when he publicly defended Copernicus, the Inquisition arrested him, tortured and burned him at the stake.
Galileo, often called "the Father of Modern Science," was the first astronomer to claim actual evidence that the earth was not the center of the universe, but revolved around the sun. For this, Galileo came under intense criticism and persecution from the Church. Pope Urban VIII personally gave the order in 1633 that Galileo, then an old man of 70, should be threatened with torture if he did not renounce the heresy that the earth revolved around the sun. Under repeated threats of torture, Galileo finally renounced his beliefs. He was then placed under house arrest, and not freed even after he went blind. Technically, the Church never convicted Galileo of heresy (only a "vehement suspicion of heresy") but it did make clear that the "heresy" in question was defined as the belief that the earth rotated around the sun. And, to leave absolutely no doubt about how completely it condemned the ideas of Galileo, the Church censored and prohibited all books supporting his scientific findings for over 200 years. This censorship was placed in the Index of Prohibited Books, which was personally signed by every pope who renewed it. Protestants would be mistaken in thinking this is a Catholic embarrassment only. Every Protestant church before 1800 rose in bitter opposition to the "atheistic" findings of Galileo.
Campanella was tortured seven times by the Inquisition for a number of heresies, one of which was writing Defense of Galileo.
Rene Descartes, alarmed by the Inquisition's persecution of Galileo, delayed his plans to publish The World, a book that agreed with Galileo's views. Later he wrote Meditations on First Philosophy, which introduced the idea that truth can be discovered only through scientific investigation and the scientific method. This earned the hostility of the Church, and their persecution caused Descartes much suffering. This great philosopher, who is famous for attempting a logical proof of God's existence, was called an atheist, and his works were placed on the Index of Prohibited Books. Protestant theologians in his resident Holland wanted him tortured and put to death.
Tycho Brahe, Johannes Kepler and Edmond Halley were pioneers in describing the orbits of celestial bodies like comets and planets. The orderly laws of nature they described contradicted the Church's belief that comets were thrown in anger from the right hand of God, or that they portended disaster and war. For over a hundred years the Church argued against them -- to describe how heated, bitter and personal this debate grew in a single paragraph is impossible. But Halley secured the final victory by accurately predicting the return of the comet that now bears his name. All three would have been brought before the Inquisition had they not been Protestant.
Isaac Newton kept his true religious beliefs secret, for fear of persecution, until literally his dying day. He privately rejected his native Anglican Church at about age 30, convinced that its teachings about Christ's divinity and the existence of a Trinity were a fraud. He instead accepted Arianism, a 4th century Christian heresy. Only on his deathbed did he reveal his true beliefs by rejecting the Anglican sacrament. (2) Many Christians opposed his scientific findings as well, for everyone had previously believed that God actively and frequently intervened in the ordinary events of the universe. Christians charged that he "took from God that direct action on his works so constantly ascribed to him in Scripture and transferred it to material mechanism," and that he "substituted gravitation for Providence."
Georges Louis Leclerc Comte de Buffon, one of the more colorful scientists in history, was the first to study fossils and suggest that life forms had changed in the past. The proto-version of evolution earned him the enmity of the Church, which forced him to resign from his Sorbonne University position and recant his views. The Church then humiliated him by publishing his recantation.
William Buckland, Charles Lyell, Louis Agassiz, and Adam Sedgewick were all 19th century Christian geologists who originally set out to prove the story of creation and Noah's Flood. But despite their best attempts to reconcile their discoveries with the Bible, their findings kept pointing in the other direction: namely, the earth was several billion years old, not 6,000. One by one, they recanted their belief in the literal interpretation of Genesis and accepted the findings of modern geology. For their intellectual honesty, they came under terrific attack from the Church, which hurled epithets like "infidel," "impugner of the sacred record," and "assailant of the volume of God." Their geology was condemned as "a dark art," "dangerous and disreputable," "a forbidden province," "infernal artillery" and "an awful evasion of the testimony of revelation."
Robert Chambers created a major scandal in 1844 when he published an anonymous best-selling book entitled The Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation. The book contained the blasphemous suggestion that an orderly progression in the changes of fossils indicated that species themselves had evolved. Religious leaders demanded to learn the identity of the author and denounced the book in the angriest terms possible. The ensuing controversy proved that Chambers had made the correct decision to publish anonymously.
Charles Darwin knew that his revolutionary theories on natural selection would invite the full fury of the Christian world. He therefore delayed publishing his theory for over 20 years, agonizing over the decision of whether or not to publish. His hand was forced in 1858, when he learned that the naturalist Alfred Wallace was about to publish the same theory. His fears proved true -- the reaction from the Church was shock, disappointment and anger. The world-wide attacks on his character, theories and personal life are common knowledge now, but he was saved from physical harm for two reasons. First, nearly the entire scientific community was quick to see the soundness of his theories, and rallied immediately to his defense. Second, the age of the Inquisition and other torture-based persecutions had finally passed.
Bertrand Russell found that Christian persecution exists even in the 20th century. One of the greatest of modern philosophers, Russell angered many Christians with his essay, Why I am not a Christian. And they exacted their revenge in 1940, when Russell accepted an appointment at the College of the City of New York. The Christian community launched a furious and protracted campaign to prevent the appointment, printing slanderous accusations of homosexuality, child molestation, public nudity and lechery. (This, for his mildly liberal views on sex, which would be considered tame by today's standards.) Even New York's highest political officials joined the assault, calling him a "dog" who should be "tarred and feathered and driven out of the country." Christians sued in court to prevent Russell's appointment, and in a trial filled with legal howlers, Russell was barred from teaching in New York State -- in a word, censored.
http://www.huppi.com/kangaroo/L-sciencechristianity.htm
PostmodernProphet
fully immersed in faith..
trollop.....I hope that at some level you are aware that just because Steve Kangas sat in his basement and put this stuff on the internet, it does NOT make him a credible source......he is after all, just another atheist in a basement typing on a computer.....do you have any actual documentation which states for example that Copernicus was not a Christian scientist?.....
What point are you making? The question was whether there were only twenty years between the Muslim conquest of Southern Spain in 715 and the proclamation of the First Crusade in the 1090's. There were in fact rather a lot more, but we all make mistakes, so please stop posturing and start getting back to the question at issue, whether Christianity is compatible with Western Culture. In fact. obviously, Christianity created Western Culture, but many of the people who now call themselves Christians are no such thing, which is where the discussion needs to centre.
PostmodernProphet
fully immersed in faith..
Bruno wasn't even a scientist....
http://www.catholic.com/magazine/articles/how-fact-becomes-anti-catholic-fiction
PostmodernProphet
fully immersed in faith..
that was never the question......you asked what part of Europe the Moors held at the time of the crusades.......the answer was southern Spain parts of which the Moors held until 1075.....
Legion Troll
A fine upstanding poster
Michael Servetus (1511-1553)
Servetus was a Spanish physician credited with discovering pulmonary circulation. He wrote a book, which outlined his discovery — it was deemed to be heretical. He escaped from Spain and the Catholic Inquisition but came up against the Protestant Inquisition in Switzerland, who held him in equal disregard. Under orders from John Calvin, Servetus was arrested, tortured and burned at the stake on the shores of Lake Geneva – copies of his book were included for good measure.
http://www.wired.com/2012/06/famous-persecuted-scientists/
Servetus was a Spanish physician credited with discovering pulmonary circulation. He wrote a book, which outlined his discovery — it was deemed to be heretical. He escaped from Spain and the Catholic Inquisition but came up against the Protestant Inquisition in Switzerland, who held him in equal disregard. Under orders from John Calvin, Servetus was arrested, tortured and burned at the stake on the shores of Lake Geneva – copies of his book were included for good measure.
http://www.wired.com/2012/06/famous-persecuted-scientists/
Legion Troll
A fine upstanding poster
Galileo
(1564-1642)
The Italian astronomer and physicist Galileo Galilei was tried and convicted in 1633 for publishing evidence that supported the Copernican theory that the Earth revolves around the Sun. His research was instantly criticized by the Church for going against scripture that places Earth and not the Sun at the center of the universe. Galileo was found “vehemently suspect of heresy” for his heliocentric views and was required to “abjure, curse and detest” his opinions. He was sentenced to house arrest, where he remained for the rest of his life, and his texts were banned.
http://www.wired.com/2012/06/famous-persecuted-scientists/
The Italian astronomer and physicist Galileo Galilei was tried and convicted in 1633 for publishing evidence that supported the Copernican theory that the Earth revolves around the Sun. His research was instantly criticized by the Church for going against scripture that places Earth and not the Sun at the center of the universe. Galileo was found “vehemently suspect of heresy” for his heliocentric views and was required to “abjure, curse and detest” his opinions. He was sentenced to house arrest, where he remained for the rest of his life, and his texts were banned.
http://www.wired.com/2012/06/famous-persecuted-scientists/
Legion Troll
A fine upstanding poster
From the earliest days philosophers were critical of Christianity. They found no substantial arguments, and pointed out a number of weaknesses in Christian reasoning. Christians for their part were suspicious of philosophy which they regarded as at best unnecessary and at worst the work of Satan. As one authority writes of Tertullian's Accusations of the Gentiles
He declares that the Holy Scriptures are a treasure from which all the true wisdom in the world has been drawn; that every philosopher and every poet is indebted to them. He labors to show that they are the standard and measure of all truth, and that whatever is inconsistent with them must necessarily be false*.
As soon as they had the power to do so, Christians destroyed books of philosophy. This is why so little pagan philosophy has survived - those works of philosophy were not really "lost" - they were sought out and burned by zealous Christians. This is why we know next to nothing about atheist philosophers such as Diagoras of Melos (known as the Atheist of Milos) and Theodorus the Atheist.
As soon as Christians were able to do so, they sought the destruction of living philosophers as well.
Sopater of Apamea was a distinguished Neoplatonist philosopher. He was put to death by the Bishop of Bishops, Pontifex Maximux, His Holiness the Emperor Constantine, the first Christian Emperor, sometime before 337. Sopater had had the temerity to criticize the dissolute lifestyles of the emperor and a powerful Christian called Ablabius. He was accused of practicing magic. This accusation would become the standard accusation against philosophers who made any criticism of Christianity - like mathematicians, genuine philosophers were thought to be in league with the devil and to consort with demons.
Hypatia of Alexandria was particularly hated by Christians because she was not only a philosopher and a mathematician, but also a woman. She contravened biblical teaching about the role of women and consequently was murdered by a Christian mob, led by a bishop, in March 415. Here is another bishop's account of her murder:
"And thereafter a multitude of believers in God arose under the guidance of Peter the magistrate - now this Peter was a perfect believer in all respects in Jesus Christ - and they proceeded to seek for the pagan woman who had beguiled the people of the city and the prefect through her enchantments. And when they learnt the place where she was, they proceeded to her and found her seated on a [teaching] chair; and having made her descend they dragged her along till they brought her to the great church, named Caesarion. Now this was in the days of the fast. And they tore off her clothing and dragged her through the streets of the city till she died. And they carried her to a place named Cinaron, and they burned her body with fire. And all the people surrounded the patriarch Cyril and named him 'the new Theophilus'; for he had destroyed the last remains of idolatry in the city."
The bishop, Cyril of Alexandria, later used his bands of violent monks to influence Christian"orthodoxy" and is now considered a saint. The death of Hypatia signaled a Christian uprising against the 'learned scholars' of Alexandria, and the end of the city as a center of knowledge throughout the ancient world. Her murder is generally held to mark the end of classical philosophy.
http://www.badnewsaboutchristianity.com/gbh_philosophers.htm
He declares that the Holy Scriptures are a treasure from which all the true wisdom in the world has been drawn; that every philosopher and every poet is indebted to them. He labors to show that they are the standard and measure of all truth, and that whatever is inconsistent with them must necessarily be false*.
As soon as they had the power to do so, Christians destroyed books of philosophy. This is why so little pagan philosophy has survived - those works of philosophy were not really "lost" - they were sought out and burned by zealous Christians. This is why we know next to nothing about atheist philosophers such as Diagoras of Melos (known as the Atheist of Milos) and Theodorus the Atheist.
As soon as Christians were able to do so, they sought the destruction of living philosophers as well.
Sopater of Apamea was a distinguished Neoplatonist philosopher. He was put to death by the Bishop of Bishops, Pontifex Maximux, His Holiness the Emperor Constantine, the first Christian Emperor, sometime before 337. Sopater had had the temerity to criticize the dissolute lifestyles of the emperor and a powerful Christian called Ablabius. He was accused of practicing magic. This accusation would become the standard accusation against philosophers who made any criticism of Christianity - like mathematicians, genuine philosophers were thought to be in league with the devil and to consort with demons.
Hypatia of Alexandria was particularly hated by Christians because she was not only a philosopher and a mathematician, but also a woman. She contravened biblical teaching about the role of women and consequently was murdered by a Christian mob, led by a bishop, in March 415. Here is another bishop's account of her murder:
"And thereafter a multitude of believers in God arose under the guidance of Peter the magistrate - now this Peter was a perfect believer in all respects in Jesus Christ - and they proceeded to seek for the pagan woman who had beguiled the people of the city and the prefect through her enchantments. And when they learnt the place where she was, they proceeded to her and found her seated on a [teaching] chair; and having made her descend they dragged her along till they brought her to the great church, named Caesarion. Now this was in the days of the fast. And they tore off her clothing and dragged her through the streets of the city till she died. And they carried her to a place named Cinaron, and they burned her body with fire. And all the people surrounded the patriarch Cyril and named him 'the new Theophilus'; for he had destroyed the last remains of idolatry in the city."
The bishop, Cyril of Alexandria, later used his bands of violent monks to influence Christian"orthodoxy" and is now considered a saint. The death of Hypatia signaled a Christian uprising against the 'learned scholars' of Alexandria, and the end of the city as a center of knowledge throughout the ancient world. Her murder is generally held to mark the end of classical philosophy.
http://www.badnewsaboutchristianity.com/gbh_philosophers.htm
Legion Troll
A fine upstanding poster
In about 520 the philosopher Boethius became magister officiorum (head of all the government and court services) to Theodoric the Great.
Boethius was a man of science, a dedicated Hellenist keen on translating all the works of Aristotle into Latin and harmonizing them with the works of Plato. Theodoric, a Christian, ordered Boethius killed. Boethius was executed at the age of 44 years on October 23rd, 524, after a period in prison during which he wrote his most famous work, Consolation of Philosophy.
For a thousand years the only philosophers in Christendom were those the Church would allow. Many pursued "Scholasticism" - a philosophical dead end that is now of interest only to historians. A few individuals investigated philosophy for themselves and were condemned as magicians or heretics for doing so, many of them dying in mysterious circumstances after their condemnation, or less mysteriously burned at the stake.
http://www.badnewsaboutchristianity.com/gbh_philosophers.htm
Boethius was a man of science, a dedicated Hellenist keen on translating all the works of Aristotle into Latin and harmonizing them with the works of Plato. Theodoric, a Christian, ordered Boethius killed. Boethius was executed at the age of 44 years on October 23rd, 524, after a period in prison during which he wrote his most famous work, Consolation of Philosophy.
For a thousand years the only philosophers in Christendom were those the Church would allow. Many pursued "Scholasticism" - a philosophical dead end that is now of interest only to historians. A few individuals investigated philosophy for themselves and were condemned as magicians or heretics for doing so, many of them dying in mysterious circumstances after their condemnation, or less mysteriously burned at the stake.
http://www.badnewsaboutchristianity.com/gbh_philosophers.htm
Legion Troll
A fine upstanding poster
Peter Abélard was a philosopher with original ideas - probably the finest philosopher of the 12th century. His fame won him much animosity from his fellow scholastics and he was repeatedly tried for heresy.
He was charged with heresy at a provincial synod at Soissons in 1121, and his teachings were official condemned. He was made to burn his book before being shut up in the convent of St. Medard at Soissons. Later, in 1141 a Church council at Sens arraigned him on a number of new charges of heresy. His condemnation was confirmed by Rome a year later. He died on his way to Rome, intending to appeal.
http://www.badnewsaboutchristianity.com/gbh_philosophers.htm
He was charged with heresy at a provincial synod at Soissons in 1121, and his teachings were official condemned. He was made to burn his book before being shut up in the convent of St. Medard at Soissons. Later, in 1141 a Church council at Sens arraigned him on a number of new charges of heresy. His condemnation was confirmed by Rome a year later. He died on his way to Rome, intending to appeal.
http://www.badnewsaboutchristianity.com/gbh_philosophers.htm
Legion Troll
A fine upstanding poster
Amaury de Chartres or Amalric de Chartres, was a native of Bene, near Chartres. He lived in Paris, where he gave lessons in logic.
A work by him bearing the title of Physion was condemned by a bull of Pope Innocent III. in 1204. Ten of his disciples were burnt at Paris in 1210. As Amoury had already died, his bones were exhumed and placed in the flames.
http://www.badnewsaboutchristianity.com/gbh_philosophers.htm
A work by him bearing the title of Physion was condemned by a bull of Pope Innocent III. in 1204. Ten of his disciples were burnt at Paris in 1210. As Amoury had already died, his bones were exhumed and placed in the flames.
http://www.badnewsaboutchristianity.com/gbh_philosophers.htm
Darth Omar
Russian asset
He lowers the bar when he thinks no one is looking lol.
Legion Troll
A fine upstanding poster
Roger Bacon (c. 1214–1294). Bacon, was an English philosopher who placed emphasis on the study of nature through empirical methods. He is sometimes credited as one of the earliest European advocates of the modern scientific method and is known as Doctor Mirabilis, ("wonderful teacher").
Bacon's Opus Majus contains treatments of mathematics and optics, alchemy, and the positions and sizes of the celestial bodies. Under the Church physical science was not then carried out by observations from the natural world: arguments were framed solely on the Bible.
In his writings, Bacon called for a reform of theological study. He was fluent in several languages and lamented the corruption of scripture and the works of the Greek philosophers by mistranslations and misinterpretations. He championed experimental study over reliance on authority, and rejected the blind following of prior authorities, both in theological and scientific study. Bacon also attributed witchcraft and sorcery to either fraud or delusion.
Bacon criticized the Julian calendar, describing it as laughable, and proposed its reform. He pointed out that "the things of this world cannot be made known without a knowledge of mathematics", and criticized the Church's scholastic philosophers. He was accused of practicing magic - a standard accusation against original thinkers. He was accused of "suspected novelties". Certainly the Church did not like his originality and Bacon was imprisoned.
http://www.badnewsaboutchristianity.com/gbh_philosophers.htm
Bacon's Opus Majus contains treatments of mathematics and optics, alchemy, and the positions and sizes of the celestial bodies. Under the Church physical science was not then carried out by observations from the natural world: arguments were framed solely on the Bible.
In his writings, Bacon called for a reform of theological study. He was fluent in several languages and lamented the corruption of scripture and the works of the Greek philosophers by mistranslations and misinterpretations. He championed experimental study over reliance on authority, and rejected the blind following of prior authorities, both in theological and scientific study. Bacon also attributed witchcraft and sorcery to either fraud or delusion.
Bacon criticized the Julian calendar, describing it as laughable, and proposed its reform. He pointed out that "the things of this world cannot be made known without a knowledge of mathematics", and criticized the Church's scholastic philosophers. He was accused of practicing magic - a standard accusation against original thinkers. He was accused of "suspected novelties". Certainly the Church did not like his originality and Bacon was imprisoned.
http://www.badnewsaboutchristianity.com/gbh_philosophers.htm
Legion Troll
A fine upstanding poster
Pietro d'Abano (c.1257– 1316) (aka Petrus De Apono or Aponensis). d'Abano was an Italian philosopher, mathematician, physicist, and professor of medicine in Padua.
He was charged with practicing magic: the specific accusations being that with the aid of the Devil, he got back any money he paid out, and that he possessed the philosopher's stone.
His real crime seems to have been that he had denied the role of angels and demons in controlling nature.
He was twice brought before the Medieval Inquisition. On the first occasion he was acquitted. But inquisitors were rarely satisfied by an acquittal, and he died in an Inquisition prison in 1315 before his second trial was completed. He was found guilty, even though already dead, and his body was ordered to be exhumed and burned; but a friend had secretly removed it, and the Inquisition had to content itself with the public proclamation of its sentence and the burning of Abano in effigy.
http://www.badnewsaboutchristianity.com/gbh_philosophers.htm
He was charged with practicing magic: the specific accusations being that with the aid of the Devil, he got back any money he paid out, and that he possessed the philosopher's stone.
His real crime seems to have been that he had denied the role of angels and demons in controlling nature.
He was twice brought before the Medieval Inquisition. On the first occasion he was acquitted. But inquisitors were rarely satisfied by an acquittal, and he died in an Inquisition prison in 1315 before his second trial was completed. He was found guilty, even though already dead, and his body was ordered to be exhumed and burned; but a friend had secretly removed it, and the Inquisition had to content itself with the public proclamation of its sentence and the burning of Abano in effigy.
http://www.badnewsaboutchristianity.com/gbh_philosophers.htm
Legion Troll
A fine upstanding poster
Cecco d'Ascoli (1257 – 1327) (AKA Francesco degli Stabili). d'Ascoli was was another Italian polymath. He studied mathematics and astrology [ie astronomy]. In 1322 he was made professor of astrology at the University of Bologna.
His freethinking and plain speaking had made him many enemies in the Church;and he was accused of impiety.
He was condemned for heresy in 1324, and sentenced to the pay a fine, but this did not stop him.
He was tried and sentenced for "relapse into heresy", and was burned alive at Florence in 1327, in his seventieth year, the day after the sentence, the first in a line of university scholars to be burned by the Inquisition.
http://www.badnewsaboutchristianity.com/gbh_philosophers.htm
His freethinking and plain speaking had made him many enemies in the Church;and he was accused of impiety.
He was condemned for heresy in 1324, and sentenced to the pay a fine, but this did not stop him.
He was tried and sentenced for "relapse into heresy", and was burned alive at Florence in 1327, in his seventieth year, the day after the sentence, the first in a line of university scholars to be burned by the Inquisition.
http://www.badnewsaboutchristianity.com/gbh_philosophers.htm
Legion Troll
A fine upstanding poster
Eckhart von Hochheim (c. 1260 – c. 1327), commonly known as Meister Eckhart, was a German theologian and philosopher. His work has influenced major German philosophers for centuries to come.
Concepts introduced into metaphysics by Eckhart deviated from the common scholastic canon, and his novel ideas excited the animosity of other churchmen. He was repeatedly accused of heresy, but initially escaped the accusations alive. In Cologne, Archbishop Hermann von Virneburg, again accused him of heresy, and again he was protected by his Dominican superior.
The archbishop pressed his charges of heresy against Eckhart and now also his protector, so they appealed to the Pope, without success. The Inquisition refused to accept their appeal in February 1327, so Eckhart was left to be arraigned for heresy by his enemy. Nothing more is known of him, and he is assumed to have died soon afterwards.
http://www.badnewsaboutchristianity.com/gbh_philosophers.htm
Concepts introduced into metaphysics by Eckhart deviated from the common scholastic canon, and his novel ideas excited the animosity of other churchmen. He was repeatedly accused of heresy, but initially escaped the accusations alive. In Cologne, Archbishop Hermann von Virneburg, again accused him of heresy, and again he was protected by his Dominican superior.
The archbishop pressed his charges of heresy against Eckhart and now also his protector, so they appealed to the Pope, without success. The Inquisition refused to accept their appeal in February 1327, so Eckhart was left to be arraigned for heresy by his enemy. Nothing more is known of him, and he is assumed to have died soon afterwards.
http://www.badnewsaboutchristianity.com/gbh_philosophers.htm
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William of Ockham (1288 – c. 1348). Occam was an English Franciscan friar and scholastic philosopher. He studied theology at the University of Oxford from 1309 to 1321. He enjoys the distinction of being the only scholastic philosopher to make any impact on modern philosophy – he was known in his time as the Doctor Invincibilis or "Unconquerable Teacher." He advocated a reform of scholasticism, both in method and in content – so could reasonably be classed along with the other Renaissance thinkers who advanced scientific thought while criticizing scholasticism.
His most important contribution to modern intellectual culture was the principle of parsimony in explanation and theory building, known as Occam's Razor. This maxim, as interpreted by Bertrand Russell, states that if one can explain a phenomenon without assuming this or that hypothetical entity, there is no ground for assuming it, in other words that one should always opt for an explanation in terms of the fewest possible causes, factors, or variables. Though he did not realize it, this principle would eventually remove the Christian God from the domain of science. He made other significant advances in logic.
Ockham wrote down in words a formulae that in propositional logic, would later be called De Morgan's Laws. He investigated ternary logic, a concept that would be taken up again in the mathematical logic of the 19th century.
Ockham's commentary Peter Lombard's Sentences was not well received by the church authorities. In 1324, this commentary was condemned as unorthodox by a synod of bishops, and he was ordered to Avignon to defend himself before a papal court. For two years, he was confined, until he was condemned as a heretic in 1326.
Fearing execution, Ockham and other Franciscan sympathizers fled Avignon on 26 May 1328, and eventually took refuge in the court of the Holy Roman Emperor Louis IV of Bavaria. Ockham wrote treatises that argued for King Louis to have supreme control over church and state in the Holy Roman Empire. For this Ockham was excommunicated by Pope John XXII.
http://www.badnewsaboutchristianity.com/gbh_philosophers.htm
His most important contribution to modern intellectual culture was the principle of parsimony in explanation and theory building, known as Occam's Razor. This maxim, as interpreted by Bertrand Russell, states that if one can explain a phenomenon without assuming this or that hypothetical entity, there is no ground for assuming it, in other words that one should always opt for an explanation in terms of the fewest possible causes, factors, or variables. Though he did not realize it, this principle would eventually remove the Christian God from the domain of science. He made other significant advances in logic.
Ockham wrote down in words a formulae that in propositional logic, would later be called De Morgan's Laws. He investigated ternary logic, a concept that would be taken up again in the mathematical logic of the 19th century.
Ockham's commentary Peter Lombard's Sentences was not well received by the church authorities. In 1324, this commentary was condemned as unorthodox by a synod of bishops, and he was ordered to Avignon to defend himself before a papal court. For two years, he was confined, until he was condemned as a heretic in 1326.
Fearing execution, Ockham and other Franciscan sympathizers fled Avignon on 26 May 1328, and eventually took refuge in the court of the Holy Roman Emperor Louis IV of Bavaria. Ockham wrote treatises that argued for King Louis to have supreme control over church and state in the Holy Roman Empire. For this Ockham was excommunicated by Pope John XXII.
http://www.badnewsaboutchristianity.com/gbh_philosophers.htm
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Gerolamo (or Girolamo, or Geronimo) Cardano ;(1501 - 1576). Cardano, known in French as Jérôme Cardan was an Italian philosopher and polymath. He wrote more than 200 works on philosophy, medicine, mathematics, physics, religion, and music.
He formulated rules in probability, making him one of the founders of the field. He was the first mathematician to make systematic use of negative numbers. He published the solutions to the cubic and quartic equations in his 1545 book Ars Magna. In medicine, he was the first to describe typhoid fever.
He invented several mechanical devices including the combination lock, the gimbal, and the Cardan shaft with universal joints. He claimed that deaf people were capable of using their minds, argued for the importance of teaching them, and was one of the first to state that deaf people could learn to read and write without learning how to speak first.
Cardano was accused of heresy in 1570. He was arrested, and spent several months in prison.
http://www.badnewsaboutchristianity.com/gbh_philosophers.htm
He formulated rules in probability, making him one of the founders of the field. He was the first mathematician to make systematic use of negative numbers. He published the solutions to the cubic and quartic equations in his 1545 book Ars Magna. In medicine, he was the first to describe typhoid fever.
He invented several mechanical devices including the combination lock, the gimbal, and the Cardan shaft with universal joints. He claimed that deaf people were capable of using their minds, argued for the importance of teaching them, and was one of the first to state that deaf people could learn to read and write without learning how to speak first.
Cardano was accused of heresy in 1570. He was arrested, and spent several months in prison.
http://www.badnewsaboutchristianity.com/gbh_philosophers.htm