Historical Certainties About the Young Jesus based on theological scholarship
Jesus was born and raised a Jew. This is stated explicitly by Paul (Gal. 4:4) and is overwhelmingly attested in all our Gospel sources at every level , i.e., it passes independent attestation in every imaginable way. Virtually nothing is more certain.
Jesus came from the small village of Nazareth in Galilee. It is attested in all four Gospels (Matt. 4:13; Mark 1:9; Luke 4:16; John 1:45), and Jesus is sometimes called “Jesus of Nazareth” in other ancient sources (for example, Acts 3:6). Nazareth was, at that time, a small, unknown, and completely insignificant village in Galilee (northern part of modern-day Israel).
It is impossible to know if Jesus was really born in Bethlehem. All four of the Gospels assume that Jesus came from Nazareth. But two of them—Matthew and Luke again— independently claim that he was born in Bethlehem. These two are inconsistent with one another at key points (if Matthew’s account is right, it’s hard to see how Luke’s can be also and vice versa). Both also present serious historical problems when taken on their own terms (for example, the worldwide census under Caesar Augustus in Luke). Both Matthew and Luke also had a clear reason for wanting to affirm that Jesus came from Bethlehem, because a Hebrew prophet had predicted that a ruler would come from there (Micah 5:2; quoted in Matt. 2:6). Again, it seems odd that if it were widely known that Jesus came from Bethlehem, the tradition was not mentioned in our other sources (e.g., Mark, John, and Paul). As a result, most critical historians consider the tradition of Jesus’ birth in Bethlehem to be highly problematic. Closely related, of course, is the story that Joseph and Mary had to travel to Bethlehem to register for a census. This story is found only in Luke and as we saw earlier, the story seems to be contradicted by Matthew. It’s not at all contextually credible. As discussed earlier, we know a good deal about the reign of Caesar Augustus but hear from no other source about some kind of empire-wide tax that compelled everyone needed to register return to their ancestral homes.
The story of the wise men, found only in Matthew, is historically problematic. It is historically implausible, both because no one else living at the time mentioned any such astral phenomenon, which must have attracted considerable attention had it occurred and because it’s nearly impossible to understand logistically (how exactly does a star stop over a house?).
We are almost completely in the dark about Jesus’ early life. We might assume that he had a normal childhood, but unfortunately we aren’t even sure what a “normal” childhood would have been like in rural Galilee. He probably would have been apprenticed to his father’s line of work, as a carpenter making yokes and gates or something along a similar line. He is called a tekton in Mark 6:3,It is nearly impossible to say whether the one New Testament story about Jesus as a boy (in Luke) is something that actually happened, since it is not independently attested nor does it pass dissimilarity, because it serves a clear theological agenda of portraying Jesus as a wunderkind (Luke 2:41–52) who was completely dedicated to God and superior to the leaders of the Jews at the age of twelve. We have only scattered hints about Jesus’ education. It is clear that he spoke Aramaic (a Semitic language closely related to Hebrew). The tradition is multiply attested (see Mark 5:41; 7:34; John 1:42). The Gospels also indicate that Jesus could read the Scriptures in Hebrew (for example, Luke 4:16–20; see also Mark 12:10, 26) and that he eventually became known as an interpreter of them. No traditions specifically indicate that Jesus spoke Greek, although some historians have surmised that living in Galilee, where Greek was widely known, he may have learned some. Some have also suspected that he communicated with Pontius Pilate in Greek at his trial, although we will see later that it is very difficult to know exactly what happened then. At best we can say that it is possible that Jesus was trilingual; that is, that he normally spoke Aramaic, could at least read the Hebrew Scriptures, and may have been able to communicate in Greek.
Jesus’ parents: They are assumed to have been Jews who lived in Nazareth and are consistently named Joseph and Mary in our sources. About the only thing said about Joseph in the Gospels, outside the birth narratives, is that he was a common laborer (Matt. 13:55; also found, possibly independently of Matthew, in the Infancy Gospel of Thomas, 13). The Greek word used to describe his profession is tekton, usually translated as “carpenter.” The word could also refer to a number of occupations that involved working with the hands—stone mason or metal worker, for example. In any event, a tekton was a lower class, blue-collar worker, comparable, in modern terms, to a construction worker. Mary is reported in several of our earliest sources to have outlived her son (e.g., in John’s Gospel she watches his crucifixion).
Jesus evidently had siblings of both sexes. His brothers are mentioned in Mark, John, Josephus, and Paul. His sisters show up in Mark (3:32, 6:3).
Source credit Professor Bart D. Ehrman, Professor of Theology and Religious Studies, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill