Currently the rich have bought the tax code to pay nothing at all.
There are instances where ultra-wealthy individuals have paid little to no federal income tax in specific years.
A notable example comes from ProPublica’s 2021 analysis of leaked IRS data, covering tax returns from 2004 to 2018.
They found Jeff Bezos paid no federal income tax in 2007 and 2011, and Elon Musk paid none in 2018.
How? The tax code taxes income, not wealth.
If a rich person’s income (wages, dividends, realized capital gains) is low or offset in a given year, their tax bill can shrink, or disappear. Bezos, for instance, reportedly claimed a $4,000 child tax credit in 2011 and offset income with business losses, while Musk’s 2018 return showed minimal taxable income despite his massive wealth tied up in unrealized stock gains.
The mechanisms here are legal and built into the tax code:
- Capital Gains Timing: Wealthy individuals often hold assets like stocks or real estate that appreciate but aren’t taxed until sold. No sale, no taxable income. ProPublica calculated a "true tax rate" (taxes paid divided by wealth growth) for the top 25 richest Americans, finding it averaged 3.4% from 2014–2018, far below statutory rates, because unrealized gains dominate their wealth growth.
- Deductions and Losses: The rich can use losses from businesses or investments to offset income. Real estate moguls, for example, leverage depreciation (a non-cash expense) to reduce taxable income. Donald Trump’s leaked 2005 return showed a $916 million loss carryforward, which could wipe out years of tax liability.
- Borrowing Against Assets: Billionaires often borrow against their stock portfolios instead of selling them. Loans aren’t taxable income. Warren Buffett, whose tax rate was famously lower than his secretary’s in 2011 (17.4% vs. 35.8%), has admitted to this strategy—his wealth grows, but his taxable income stays modest.
- Charitable Deductions: Donating appreciated assets (like stock) to charities avoids capital gains taxes and provides a deduction, shrinking taxable income further.
But does this mean all rich people pay nothing?
No.
IRS data for 2021 shows the top 1% (AGI above $561,000) paid an average federal income tax rate of 25.9%, and the top 0.001% (AGI over $77 million) paid 23.1%.
Zero-tax years are outliers, not the norm.
Even ProPublica’s data showed that over the 15-year span, these billionaires paid some tax—just not always in proportion to their wealth growth.
For example, Warren Buffett paid $23.7 million from 2014–2018, but his wealth grew by $24.3 billion, making his tax burden look negligible by comparison.
The tax code’s complexity lets the ultra-rich minimize liability, sometimes to zero in a given year, especially if they’re asset-rich but income-light.
However, "paying nothing" isn’t a widespread dodge for the merely "rich" (say, top 5% or 10%).
It’s more common among the top 0.01%, who have the resources to exploit these provisions. Legislative attempts like the 2021 Build Back Better proposal included a "billionaires’ tax" on unrealized gains to close this gap, but it didn’t pass. As of February 20, 2025, no major overhaul has yet eliminated these strategies.
So, yes, some of the richest have used the tax code to pay nothing in specific years—legally, through planning and loopholes. It’s not fiction, but it’s not every rich person, every year.
@Doge